Compound
sodium benzoate
The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.
Studied for
12 endpoints · 13 findings · 8 papers
- Reduced glutathione concentrationraisesEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
- Organism lifespanlowersEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.
- ACHEraisesEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.
- Alanine aminotransferaseraisesEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.
- Aspartate aminotransferaseraisesEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.
Structure
No three-dimensional record for this entry.
- Formula
- C7H5O2.Na
- Mass
- 144.105 g/mol
- Charge
- 0
- InChIKey
- WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M
- SMILES
- O=C([O-])c1ccccc1.[Na+]
- Look it up
- ChEBIBy InChIKey
Identity from ChEBI. Not evidence.
What the evidence says
How to read these marks13 findings · 12 endpoints · 8 papers · by evidence strength
What moved
13 findings
Increases reduced glutathione concentration
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“As a result, six-week treatment of sodium benzoate was linked to increased GSH levels than placebo.”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium benzoate treatment linked to increased glutathione levels and improved positive and negative symptoms, global function, and quality of life in patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Population
- Patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia on add-on treatment; plasma GSH, baseline to endpoint
Sodium benzoate treatment linked to increased glutathione levels and improved positive and negative symptoms, global function, and quality of life in patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.2026PMID:41401723Permalink
Increases gamma-glutamyl transferase
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“In male rats of the 2.4% group, relative liver and kidney weight, serum levels of albumin, total protein and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly increased and enlarged hepatocytes with glassy cytoplasm were seen using light microscopy.”
Quoted verbatim from Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 10 days
- Dose
- 2.4% sodium benzoate in diet
- Population
- male F344 rats, 2.4% sodium benzoate in diet for 10 days
Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.1993PMID:8212059Permalink
Activates ACHE
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“SB-treated rats showed a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities, increase malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, caspase-3, and acetylcholinesterase activity in the striatum, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum.”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium benzoate induces neurobehavioral deficits and brain oxido-inflammatory stress in male Wistar rats: Ameliorative role of ascorbic acid.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- male Wistar rats, brain tissue (striatum, hippocampus, frontal cortex, cerebellum)
Sodium benzoate induces neurobehavioral deficits and brain oxido-inflammatory stress in male Wistar rats: Ameliorative role of ascorbic acid.2022PMID:35187746Permalink
Increases serum albumin
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“In male rats of the 2.4% group, relative liver and kidney weight, serum levels of albumin, total protein and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly increased and enlarged hepatocytes with glassy cytoplasm were seen using light microscopy.”
Quoted verbatim from Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 10 days
- Dose
- 2.4% sodium benzoate in diet
- Population
- male F344 rats, 2.4% sodium benzoate in diet for 10 days
Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.1993PMID:8212059Permalink
Decreases organism lifespan
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Findingreplicated ×1“We observed that SB (2.0 and 5.0 mg/5 g diet) decreased the survival of D. melanogaster.”
Quoted verbatim from Toxicological assessment of sodium benzoate in Drosophila melanogaster.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 3 weeks
- Dose
- 2.0-5.0 mg/5 g diet, oral, 21 days
- Population
- adult wild-type Canton S Drosophila melanogaster fed SB
Toxicological assessment of sodium benzoate in Drosophila melanogaster.2024PMID:37986221Permalink
Increases total cholesterol (TC)
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“In male mice of the 3.0% group, absolute liver weights and serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels were significantly increased, and enlargement, vacuolation and necrosis of hepatocytes were evident.”
Quoted verbatim from Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 10 days
- Dose
- 3.0% sodium benzoate in diet
- Population
- male B6C3F1 mice, 3.0% sodium benzoate in diet for 10 days
Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.1993PMID:8212059Permalink
Show the remaining 7
Decreases organism lifespan
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Findingreplicated ×1“Lifespan analysis also demonstrated that SB significantly reduced lifespan in wild-type worms, even at low concentrations.”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium Benzoate Induces Fat Accumulation and Reduces Lifespan via the SKN-1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Evidence from the Caenorhabditis elegans Model.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Dose
- 0.0004-0.1% SB, in liquid culture or on NGM agar
- Population
- wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to SB concentrations 0.0004-0.1%
Sodium Benzoate Induces Fat Accumulation and Reduces Lifespan via the SKN-1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Evidence from the Caenorhabditis elegans Model.2024PMID:39519584Permalink
Increases aspartate aminotransferase
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“Administration of SB to rats with hepatocyte injury exacerbated liver damage with a significant increase in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium benzoate exacerbates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 14 days
- Dose
- 600 mg/kg, oral, 14 days
- Population
- rats with LPS-induced (0.25 mg/kg) hepatocyte injury given sodium benzoate 600 mg/kg orally for 14 days; LPS background present in both compared arms
Sodium benzoate exacerbates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats.2023PMID:36927185Permalink
Increases alanine aminotransferase
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“Administration of SB to rats with hepatocyte injury exacerbated liver damage with a significant increase in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium benzoate exacerbates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 14 days
- Dose
- 600 mg/kg, oral, 14 days
- Population
- rats with LPS-induced (0.25 mg/kg) hepatocyte injury given sodium benzoate 600 mg/kg orally for 14 days; LPS background present in both compared arms
Sodium benzoate exacerbates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats.2023PMID:36927185Permalink
Inhibits POU2F3
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“Moreover, SB inhibited the nuclear localization of SKN-1 under oxidative stress conditions.”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium Benzoate Induces Fat Accumulation and Reduces Lifespan via the SKN-1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Evidence from the Caenorhabditis elegans Model.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Population
- wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans under oxidative stress conditions
Sodium Benzoate Induces Fat Accumulation and Reduces Lifespan via the SKN-1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Evidence from the Caenorhabditis elegans Model.2024PMID:39519584Permalink
Increases serum alkaline phosphatase
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“Administration of SB to rats with hepatocyte injury exacerbated liver damage with a significant increase in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium benzoate exacerbates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 14 days
- Dose
- 600 mg/kg, oral, 14 days
- Population
- rats with LPS-induced (0.25 mg/kg) hepatocyte injury given sodium benzoate 600 mg/kg orally for 14 days; LPS background present in both compared arms
Sodium benzoate exacerbates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats.2023PMID:36927185Permalink
Inhibits RUNX2
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“The rescue studies suggested that NaB inhibited RUNX2 expression and osteoblast differentiation through the p38/MAPK signaling pathway.”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium Benzoate Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation and Accelerates Bone Loss by Regulating the FGF2/p38/RUNX2 Pathway.. - Study
- in vitro · not in humans
- Population
- bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-lineage cells
Sodium Benzoate Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation and Accelerates Bone Loss by Regulating the FGF2/p38/RUNX2 Pathway.2025PMID:40404584Permalink
Is converted to benzoyl-CoA
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“Furthermore, NAB concentration-dependently increases benzoyl-CoA and Kbz levels.”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium benzoate induces pancreatic inflammation and β cell apoptosis partially via benzoylation.. - Study
- in vitro · not in humans
- Population
- β-TC-6 pancreatic β cells treated with NAB
Sodium benzoate induces pancreatic inflammation and β cell apoptosis partially via benzoylation.2024PMID:38150747Permalink
What it touches on the way
Mechanistic reach
3 entities
3 entities reached.
What the reference databases state
Regulatory determinations
LiverTox likelihood score ELiverTox
LiverTox Likelihood Score E — despite extensive use, no evidence that the agent has caused liver injury. Chapter: "Phenylbutyrate, Sodium Benz.". Source: LiverTox Master List (NBK571102).
The document·Public Domain (NLM/NIH)·Transcribed, not assessed
Statements
1 statement
1 statement · 1 reference database · Subject: sodium benzoate · Sources: ChEBI
- sodium benzoate is converted to benzoic acidCompoundChEBI CHEBI:113455Inferred only
On the label
Labelled products
8 products
Source: NIH DSLD · Ingredient: sodium benzoate · 8 products · Declared amount per serving: Not stated
0 labels state an amount8 do not
- EnergreenHierba Del Sapo Greenamount not statedper 40 Drop(s)DSLD:13543
- GHT Global Health TraxOxygen Elements MaxSodium Benzoate Note: to preserve freshnessamount not statedper 7 Drop(s)DSLD:34227
- Higher NatureAloe GoldSodium Benzoate Note: preservativeamount not statedper 10 mLDSLD:216884
- Higher NatureAloe GoldSodium Benzoate Note: preservativeamount not statedper 10 mLDSLD:41524
- Higher NatureAloe Gold Cherry & CranberrySodium Benzoate Note: preservativeamount not statedper 10 mLDSLD:223309
- Prototype NutritionBAETamount not statedper 1 mLDSLD:264835
- Prototype NutritionDHEAamount not statedper 1 mLDSLD:264846
- Viva VitaminsLiving Liquidamount not statedper 1 fl. Oz.DSLD:238776
Label record: NIH Office of Dietary Supplements · CC0
Registered, and not reported
- Source
- ClinicalTrials.gov
- Intervention
- sodium benzoate
- Status
- Completed, terminated or suspended
- Results posted
- No
Trials without posted results
53 trials
53 registered trials without posted results · Overdue (FDAAA 801): 50
50 past the window3 within it, or no actual date
- NCT05006781suspended— The trial was suspended due to the budget issueexpected 2028-12a university or hospital
- NCT06374641completed2025-06-06a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04649229completed2025-05-22a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT03620773completed2024-09-25a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT03469011terminated— Lack of Accrual2024-07-31a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT05923723completed2024-06-18a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT07240051completed2024-06-10a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT05129722terminated— Difficulties in recruitment at both sites.2024-05-01a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT06148662completed2024-01-25a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT06122467completed2023-12-31industrypast the reporting window
- NCT06969495completed2023-11-30a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT05726097completed2023-10-31a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
Show the remaining 41
- NCT01908192terminated2023-10-26industrypast the reporting window
- NCT06358911completed2023-08-05a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT03573921terminated— Poor recruitment to date.2022-12-19a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT02537314completed2022-12-08a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04407481completed2022-10-13a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04969120completed2022-07-01a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04074668completed2022-05-15a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04910906completed2022-02-09industrypast the reporting window
- NCT04494529completed2021-08-31a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT03652974completed2021-08-30a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04902105completed2021-07-06industrypast the reporting window
- NCT05475314completed2021-04-30industrypast the reporting window
- NCT03510741completed2020-12-30a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04492839completed2020-10-01a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT01456208terminated— Funding stopped2020-06a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04872946completed2020-05-07industrypast the reporting window
- NCT02546583completed2020-01-23a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT01511042terminated2020-01a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT03380754completed2019-08-01a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04884464completed2019-06-30a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT04022941completed2018-12-31a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT03838068completed2018-12-30a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT02627950completed2018-10a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT05139966completed2018-09-12a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT03819179completed2018-02-06a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT03383315completed2017-09-30a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT01937234completed2016-07a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT02196662completed2015-04industrypast the reporting window
- NCT02558192completed2014-10a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT01349205terminated— The study medication was no longer available in the market2014-06a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT01596166completed2014-04a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT01179945completed2011-08a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT01191645completed2010-11a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT00808977completed2010-06industrypast the reporting window
- NCT01858090completed2009-10a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT01225198completed2009-02a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT00091078terminated2006-07NIHpast the reporting window
- NCT00049192completed2005-11NIHpast the reporting window
- NCT00004245completed2004-09a university or hospitalpast the reporting window
- NCT00004767completedno completion dateNIH
- NCT00977600completedno completion dateindustry
Papers screened
103 papers
- Compound
- sodium benzoate
- Screened
- 103
- Admitted
- 8
- Discarded
- 75
- Not read
- 20
Produced a finding8 papers
- PMID:414017232026-10-05
- PMID:351877462026-09-27
- PMID:82120592026-09-27
- PMID:369271852026-09-23
- PMID:379862212026-09-23
- PMID:381507472026-09-23
- PMID:395195842026-09-23
- PMID:404045842026-09-23
Discarded: the wrong intervention32 papers
- PMID:12113659cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:18682704cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:19268458cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:22084582cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:2303075cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:23382451cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:23897902cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:3115738cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:7589179cited by PMID:25497115; not about the subject it would be filed under2026-10-17
- PMID:37596858no claim extracted — subject_species_mismatch — DOSED: Caffeine sodium benzoate (CSB), a caffeine-benzoate complex distinct from sodium benzoate alone; the patient had abused CSB for more than 20 years (Abstract) | Caffeine sodium benzoate (CSB), abused for more than 20 years, patient history2026-09-23
- NCT00273754intervention×1 — no declared intervention names sodium benzoate2026-09-21
- NCT00330733intervention×1 — no declared intervention names sodium benzoate2026-09-21
and 20 more.
Discarded: another reason, stated per paper20 papers
- PMID:36104267no claim extracted — cause not determined (one pass only) — measured: plasma benzoate Cmax and AUC after single oral sodium benzoate dose, non-compartmental pharmacokinetics2026-10-05
- PMID:29768288no claim extracted — cause not determined — DOSED: caffeine sodium benzoate (CSB), compounded in-house injectable formulation, per Methods (one pass only) — measured: EEG seizure duration during electroconvulsive therapy augmentation2026-09-27
- PMID:35430267no claim extracted — cause not determined (one pass only) — measured: oral biofilm height/adhesion (AFM) or lactic acid production by dental biofilm2026-09-27
- PMID:35525087no claim extracted — cause not determined (one pass only) — measured: bactericidal inactivation (log CFU reduction) of foodborne pathogens in a food matrix2026-09-27
- PMID:37331630no claim extracted — design_has_no_evidence_type2026-09-27
- PMID:36728403no claim extracted — design_has_no_evidence_type2026-09-23
- PMID:37875373no claim extracted — cause not determined (one pass only) — measured: serum proteomic pathway signature; no matching node for pooled pathway enrichment2026-09-23
- PMID:40923309no claim extracted — design_has_no_evidence_type2026-09-23
- PMID:41246396no claim extracted — cause not determined (one pass only) — measured: brain-tissue oxidative stress biomarkers; nodes require plasma/serum/erythrocyte matrix, not brain2026-09-23
- NCT00335140design×1 — allocation NA -- not randomised2026-09-21
- NCT00476190design×1 — allocation NON_RANDOMIZED -- not randomised2026-09-21
- NCT00891527design×1 — allocation NA -- not randomised2026-09-21
and 8 more.
Discarded: an endpoint this vocabulary does not hold14 papers
- PMID:25497115claims extracted but the object named resolved to no node — recorded in candidate_nodes (ADR-0070)2026-10-05
- PMID:31978010no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: blood ammonia concentration change from baseline, ug/dL, in hyperammonemia of liver disease | blood ammonia concentration, change from baseline to day 52026-10-05
- PMID:33170261no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: PANSS total score, clinician-rated, in early psychosis | PANSS total score, clinician-rated, 12 weeks2026-10-05
- PMID:40342057no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: patch-test reaction prevalence (allergic, doubtful, irritant) to 5% sodium benzoate, day 4 reading, single-arm retrospective series | patch-test contact allergic reaction rate to sodium benzoate 5% in petrolatum, ESCD-guideline reading at day 2 and day 42026-10-05
- PMID:40405827no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: short-term memory, 'recall of test instructions' item score of the ADAS-cog | ADAS-cog 'recall of test instructions' item score, generalized estimating equation2026-10-05
- PMID:40764372no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: plasma amyloid beta 1-40 and total amyloid beta concentration, ELISA | plasma amyloid beta 1-40, ELISA2026-10-05
- PMID:15590120claims extracted but the object named resolved to no node — recorded in candidate_nodes (ADR-0070)2026-09-27
- PMID:27611715claims extracted but the object named resolved to no node — recorded in candidate_nodes (ADR-0070)2026-09-27
- PMID:29842881no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: developmental toxicity and anxiety-like behaviour in zebrafish larvae | organism toxicity / LC50 and developmental-behavioural abnormalities in zebrafish larvae2026-09-27
- PMID:32989461no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: antibiotic resistance reversal / MIC restoration against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria | colistin resistance reversal / antimicrobial synergy against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, by MIC and FIC index2026-09-27
- PMID:6745539no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: tumor/neoplasm incidence in a lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassay | organism tumour incidence (tumorigenicity) following chronic exposure2026-09-27
- PMID:40855005no claim extracted — no_outcome_node — measured: rodent social-behavior / ASD-model behavioral outcome - not represented in the outcome list | social behavior in a maternal-immune-activation mouse model, no rodent social-behavior node2026-09-23
and 2 more.
Discarded: no extractable result6 papers
- PMID:35023557claims extracted but refused by the deterministic validators2026-10-05
- PMID:37729717no claim extracted — quote_not_self_supporting2026-10-05
- PMID:39450675claims extracted but refused by the deterministic validators2026-10-05
- PMID:38685377claims extracted but the two passes did not agree2026-09-23
- NCT02111200declared_contrast×3 — no posted analysis compares a sodium benzoate arm with a placebo/no-intervention arm and carries a p-value (Sodium Benzoate Arm=ACTIVE_COMPARATOR+subject, Sodium Phenylbutyrate Arm=ACTIVE_COMPARATOR, Mix Arm=ACTIVE_COMPARATOR+subject)2026-09-21
- PMID:39975997claims extracted but refused by the deterministic validators2026-09-04
Discarded: not retrievable2 papers
- PMID:16695587no PMID parsed, abstract under 200 characters, or no record returned by efetch2026-10-17
- PMID:20291076no PMID parsed, abstract under 200 characters, or no record returned by efetch2026-10-17
Discarded: the wrong population1 paper
- PMID:33881530no claim extracted — result_is_subgroup_only2026-10-05
Not read yet20 papers
- PMID:150323822026-09-29
- PMID:150509772026-09-29
- PMID:249970922026-09-29
- PMID:321528362026-09-29
- PMID:331919072026-09-29
- PMID:8504822026-09-29
- PMID:88127242026-09-29
- PMID:261021982026-09-29
- PMID:154914352026-09-29
- PMID:16184652026-09-29
- PMID:18046542026-09-29
- PMID:228734922026-09-29
and 8 more.
Measured, not recorded
- Compound
- sodium benzoate
- Endpoints measured
- 529 endpoints
- Recorded as a finding
- No
Show what was measured
D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAO) activity in kidney
decreases, decreased by 50% 1 h after dosing with SB
D-AAO activity in the kidney was decreased by 50% 1 h after dosing with SB suggesting that inhibition of this enzyme may be responsible for the observed protection.
PMID:15590120 · one of two readings recorded this
D-serine-induced nephrotoxicity (urinary NMR metabolomic profile, plasma creatinine, urinary glucose and protein, histopathology)
decreases, SB was able to prevent D-serine-induced perturbations to the urinary profile in a dose dependent manner
1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of urine, combined with principal component analysis, demonstrated that SB was able to prevent D-serine-induced perturbations to the urinary profile in a dose dependent manner.
PMID:15590120 · one of two readings recorded this
kidney D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAO) activity
decreases, decreased by 50% at 1 h post-dosing
D-AAO activity in the kidney was decreased by 50% 1 h after dosing with SB suggesting that inhibition of this enzyme may be responsible for the observed protection.
PMID:15590120 · one of two readings recorded this
plasma creatinine and urinary glucose/protein
This was confirmed by measurement of plasma creatinine and urinary glucose and protein and histopathological examination of the kidneys.
PMID:15590120 · one of two readings recorded this
renal injury severity (histopathology) after D-serine challenge, with vs without prior sodium benzoate
decreases
Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node for histopathological renal injury severity/grade, distinct from the serum-creatinine concentration node
Assessment 48 h after D-serine administration revealed that nephrotoxicity was observed in animals pre-treated with SB (500 mg/kg) although the extent of injury was less pronounced than following D-serine alone.
PMID:15590120 · one of two readings recorded this
renal injury severity, histopathology, after D-serine challenge
decreases
Assessment 48 h after D-serine administration revealed that nephrotoxicity was observed in animals pre-treated with SB (500 mg/kg) although the extent of injury was less pronounced than following D-serine alone.
PMID:15590120 · one of two readings recorded this
urinary metabonomic profile, 1H NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis
decreases
Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node for urinary NMR metabonomic profile
1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of urine, combined with principal component analysis, demonstrated that SB was able to prevent D-serine-induced perturbations to the urinary profile in a dose dependent manner.
PMID:15590120 · one of two readings recorded this
Acetylglycine at 30 minutes after water with benzoate vs water alone
decreases, p = 0.00001, n = 14
β benzoate for acetylglycine = −0.24, p = 1e-5
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Anthranilic acid at 30 minutes after water with benzoate vs water alone
increases, p = 0.00008, n = 14
β benzoate for anthranilic acid = 0.27, p = 8E-5
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Benzoate not detectable after water-with-benzoate beverage
benzoate itself was not detectable in two out of the fourteen subjects following the water with benzoate beverage
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Benzoate not detected after glucose-with-benzoate beverage
benzoate was not detected in eight out of the fourteen subjects following consumption of the glucose beverage with benzoate
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glucagon AUC2hr, AUC5hr and individual time points
no effect, n = 14
The glucagon values, shown in Figure E2, proved to be quite variable and did not show a meaningful change for AUC2hr, AUC5hr, or individual time points
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glucose at individual time points
no effect, p = 0.05, n = 14
no individual time points for insulin and glucose were significantly different in the presence or absence of benzoate (all p > 0.05)
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glucose AUC2hr after glucose-containing beverage
no effect, n = 14
the AUC2hr for both insulin and glucose tended to be slightly higher in the presence of benzoate, but the difference was small and not statistically significant
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glucose AUC2hr after non-glucose (water) beverage
no effect, n = 14
The area under the curve over the 2 hours following each individual beverage (AUC2hr) for the non-glucose beverages as well as the AUC5hr measurements were not significantly different
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glucose AUC5hr (benzoate vs non-benzoate study day)
no effect, n = 14
AUC5hr measurements were not significantly different between the benzoate and non-benzoate beverages for either insulin or glucose
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glucose-by-benzoate interaction on benzoate rise at 30 minutes
decreases, p = 0.0003, n = 14
the presence of glucose lowered the magnitude of the rise of both benzoate and hippurate at 30 minutes (pbenzoate = 0.0003, phippurate = 1.27E-10 for Glucose:Benzoate interaction)
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glucose-by-benzoate interaction on hippurate rise at 30 minutes
decreases, p = 1.27e-10, n = 14
the presence of glucose lowered the magnitude of the rise of both benzoate and hippurate at 30 minutes (pbenzoate = 0.0003, phippurate = 1.27E-10 for Glucose:Benzoate interaction)
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glucose-induced metabolite changes (lactate, glycerol, beta-hydroxybutyrate, leucine, isoleucine) with vs without benzoate
no effect, n = 14
The presence or absence of benzoate does not significantly impact the changes in these metabolites caused by glucose ingestion, suggesting that benzoate has no acute effect on insulin action
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Glycine at 30 minutes after water with benzoate
no effect, n = 14
Of note, we also observed a fall in glycine at this time point, but the effect did not reach metabolome-wide significance
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Insulin at individual time points
no effect, p = 0.05, n = 14
no individual time points for insulin and glucose were significantly different in the presence or absence of benzoate (all p > 0.05)
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Insulin AUC2hr after glucose-containing beverage
no effect, n = 14
the AUC2hr for both insulin and glucose tended to be slightly higher in the presence of benzoate, but the difference was small and not statistically significant
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Insulin AUC2hr after non-glucose (water) beverage
no effect, n = 14
The area under the curve over the 2 hours following each individual beverage (AUC2hr) for the non-glucose beverages as well as the AUC5hr measurements were not significantly different
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
insulin AUC2hr and AUC5hr, and plasma glucagon AUC (RIA), benzoate versus no benzoate
no effect, AUC2hr for non-glucose beverages and AUC5hr not significantly different between benzoate and non-benzoate beverages for insulin or glucose
Not recorded as a finding: No node matches: stimulated-postprandial-insulin and plasma-glucagon are defined around an intragastric amino-acid preload, which this trial did not use.
The area under the curve over the 2 hours following each individual beverage (AUC2hr) for the non-glucose beverages as well as the AUC5hr measurements were not significantly different between the benzoate and non-benzoate beverages for either insulin or glucose.
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Insulin AUC5hr (benzoate vs non-benzoate study day)
no effect, n = 14
AUC5hr measurements were not significantly different between the benzoate and non-benzoate beverages for either insulin or glucose
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
plasma glucose and insulin area under the curve over 2 hours (AUC2hr) after a 75 g oral glucose beverage with or without 480 mg sodium benzoate, trapezoidal method, crossover in overweight adults; glucagon by RIA; metabolite profiling
no effect, AUC2hr slightly higher with benzoate, small and not statistically significant
Not recorded as a finding: the paper never states the instrument the node requires
For the glucose-containing beverages, the AUC2hr for both insulin and glucose tended to be slightly higher in the presence of benzoate, but the difference was small and not statistically significant.
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
plasma glucose AUC2hr after the 75 g glucose beverage, with versus without 480 mg sodium benzoate, trapezoidal method, enzymatic assay (Cobas Integra)
AUC2hr tended to be slightly higher with benzoate; difference small and not statistically significant
Not recorded as a finding: Node postprandial-glucose-auc requires an incremental AUC; the paper reports AUC by the trapezoidal method and never says incremental. The sentence is also one-sided and gives no test statistic.
For the glucose-containing beverages, the AUC2hr for both insulin and glucose tended to be slightly higher in the presence of benzoate, but the difference was small and not statistically significant.
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Predictors (soda consumption, AUC5hr hippurate, AUC5hr benzoate) of benzoate-minus-non-benzoate difference in glucose, insulin or glucagon
no effect, p = 0.1, n = 14
but found no significant relationship (all p > 0.1)
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
Soda consumption vs hippurate AUC5h on benzoate study day
increases, n = 14
we found a strong correlation between soda consumption and hippurate area under the curve over the entire 5 hours of the benzoate study day (AUC5h)
PMID:25497115 · one of two readings recorded this
CD4+IFN-γ+ cell percentage (Th1) and IFN-γ mRNA
decreases, decreased significantly
Moreover, in the patient's group the percentage of CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) cells was decreased significantly when the PBMCs were stimulated by PHA and NaB (p < 0.004) or by MBP and 1000 µg/ml of NaB (p < 0.03).
PMID:27611715 · one of two readings recorded this
CD4+IL-4+ cell percentage (Th2) and IL-4 mRNA
increases, significantly increased in the presence of all concentrations of NaB
Our results showed that in the patient's group the percentage of CD4(+)IL-4(+) cells was significantly increased in the presence of all concentrations of NaB when PBMCs were stimulated by MBP (p = 0.001) or PHA (p < 0.03).
PMID:27611715 · one of two readings recorded this
percentage of CD4+IFN-gamma+ (Th1) PBMCs, flow cytometry and mRNA
decreases, n = 20
Moreover, in the patient's group the percentage of CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) cells was decreased significantly when the PBMCs were stimulated by PHA and NaB (p < 0.004) or by MBP and 1000 µg/ml of NaB (p < 0.03).
PMID:27611715 · one of two readings recorded this
percentage of CD4+IL-4+ and CD4+IFN-gamma+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Th2/Th1 skewing) by flow cytometry and mRNA level, in MBP/PHA-stimulated PBMCs from RRMS patients and healthy controls
increases, n = 20
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
Our results showed that in the patient's group the percentage of CD4(+)IL-4(+) cells was significantly increased in the presence of all concentrations of NaB when PBMCs were stimulated by MBP (p = 0.001) or PHA (p < 0.03).
PMID:27611715 · one of two readings recorded this
percentage of CD4+IL-4+ (Th2) PBMCs, flow cytometry and mRNA
increases, n = 20
Our results showed that in the patient's group the percentage of CD4(+)IL-4(+) cells was significantly increased in the presence of all concentrations of NaB when PBMCs were stimulated by MBP (p = 0.001) or PHA (p < 0.03).
PMID:27611715 · one of two readings recorded this
discontinuation of CSB
unclear, 5 patients (7%) discontinued CSB prematurely: 4 related to adverse effects, 1 secondary to ineffectiveness
Five patients (7%) discontinued CSB prematurely: 4 related to adverse effects and 1 secondary to ineffectiveness.
PMID:29768288 · one of two readings recorded this
electroencephalogram seizure duration during ECT
increases, increased by 24.1 seconds on average with first CSB use
Electroencephalogram seizure duration increased by 24.1 seconds on average with first CSB use (P < 0.0001), allowing 24 more patients overall to achieve goal of at least 30 seconds (P < 0.0001).
PMID:29768288 · one of two readings recorded this
electroencephalogram seizure duration during electroconvulsive therapy
increases, increased by 24.1 seconds on average with first CSB use
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
Electroencephalogram seizure duration increased by 24.1 seconds on average with first CSB use (P < 0.0001), allowing 24 more patients overall to achieve goal of at least 30 seconds (P < 0.0001).
PMID:29768288 · both readings recorded this
electroencephalogram seizure duration
increases, increased by 24.1 seconds on average, n = 71
Electroencephalogram seizure duration increased by 24.1 seconds on average with first CSB use (P < 0.0001), allowing 24 more patients overall to achieve goal of at least 30 seconds (P < 0.0001).
PMID:29768288 · one of two readings recorded this
maximum heart rate and mean arterial pressure during ECT
no effect, no clinically significant changes
No clinically significant changes in maximum heart rate or mean arterial pressure were observed, nor did any patients require an abortive agent for prolonged seizure.
PMID:29768288 · one of two readings recorded this
maximum heart rate and mean arterial pressure
no effect, n = 71
No clinically significant changes in maximum heart rate or mean arterial pressure were observed, nor did any patients require an abortive agent for prolonged seizure.
PMID:29768288 · one of two readings recorded this
developmental defects (delayed hatching, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, tail bending), oxidative stress, and anxiety-like behaviour
increases, induced developmental, morphological, biochemical and behavioural abnormalities
Our results indicate that SB induced developmental (delayed hatching), morphological (pericardial edema, yolk sac edema and tail bending), biochemical (oxidative stress) and behavioural (anxiety-like behaviour) abnormalities in developing zebrafish larva.
PMID:29842881 · one of two readings recorded this
developmental (delayed hatching, pericardial/yolk sac edema, tail bending), oxidative stress and anxiety-like behaviour in zebrafish larvae
increases
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
Our results indicate that SB induced developmental (delayed hatching), morphological (pericardial edema, yolk sac edema and tail bending), biochemical (oxidative stress) and behavioural (anxiety-like behaviour) abnormalities in developing zebrafish larva.
PMID:29842881 · one of two readings recorded this
developmental, morphological, biochemical (oxidative stress) and behavioural (anxiety-like) abnormalities
increases, LC50 approximately 400 ppm at 48 h
Our results indicate that SB induced developmental (delayed hatching), morphological (pericardial edema, yolk sac edema and tail bending), biochemical (oxidative stress) and behavioural (anxiety-like behaviour) abnormalities in developing zebrafish larva.
PMID:29842881 · one of two readings recorded this
developmental toxicity, oxidative stress and anxiety-like behaviour in zebrafish larvae; LC50
increases, LC50 of SB induced toxicity was approximately 400 ppm after 48 h of SB exposure
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
LC50 of SB induced toxicity was approximately 400 ppm after 48 h of SB exposure.
PMID:29842881 · one of two readings recorded this
LC50 at 48 h
unclear, approximately 400 ppm
LC50 of SB induced toxicity was approximately 400 ppm after 48 h of SB exposure.
PMID:29842881 · one of two readings recorded this
ammonia decrease on days 1 and 2
decreases, n = 92
There was a significant decrease in ammonia on days 1 and 2 in group A as compared to group B, but not on subsequent days
PMID:31978010 · one of two readings recorded this
blood ammonia change from baseline to day 5 (and days 1 and 2) in children with decompensated chronic liver disease and hyperammonemia; resolution of hepatic encephalopathy; short-term survival
median decrease 52 ug/dL in group A (sodium benzoate) versus 42 ug/dL in group B (placebo) at day 5, p = 0.321
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
The median decrease in ammonia from baseline to day 5 was 52 μg/dL in group A versus 42 μg/dL in group B (P = 0.321).
PMID:31978010 · one of two readings recorded this
blood ammonia decrease from baseline to day 5 in children with decompensated chronic liver disease and hyperammonemia; also resolution of hepatic encephalopathy and short-term survival
median decrease 52 ug/dL in group A (sodium benzoate) vs 42 ug/dL in group B (placebo), p = 0.321, n = 46
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
The median decrease in ammonia from baseline to day 5 was 52 μg/dL in group A versus 42 μg/dL in group B (P = 0.321).
PMID:31978010 · one of two readings recorded this
increase in ascites
no effect, n = 92
there was higher, albeit insignificant increase in ascites in group A (15.9% vs 4.5%)
PMID:31978010 · one of two readings recorded this
median decrease in ammonia from baseline
no effect, p = 0.321, n = 92
The median decrease in ammonia from baseline to day 5 was 52 μg/dL in group A versus 42 μg/dL in group B (P = 0.321)
PMID:31978010 · one of two readings recorded this
resolution of hepatic encephalopathy
no effect, p = 1, n = 92
There was no significant difference in the resolution of HE (57.1% vs 50%; P = 1)
PMID:31978010 · one of two readings recorded this
colistin MIC / FIC index against P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae strains
decreases
It was found that sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and aspirin, at concentrations allowed for human and animal use, partially or totally reversed resistance to colistin in P. aeruginosa and highly resistant enterobacterial strains.
PMID:32989461 · one of two readings recorded this
colistin resistance / MIC in P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae (broth microdilution, FIC index, time-kill)
decreases, partially or totally reversed resistance to colistin
It was found that sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and aspirin, at concentrations allowed for human and animal use, partially or totally reversed resistance to colistin in P. aeruginosa and highly resistant enterobacterial strains.
PMID:32989461 · one of two readings recorded this
colistin resistance/susceptibility (MIC, FIC index, time-kill assay) in MDR Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa when combined with sodium benzoate
decreases, partially or totally reversed resistance to colistin
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
It was found that sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and aspirin, at concentrations allowed for human and animal use, partially or totally reversed resistance to colistin in P. aeruginosa and highly resistant enterobacterial strains.
PMID:32989461 · one of two readings recorded this
colistin susceptibility (MIC/FIC index) restoration in MDR Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains
decreases
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
It was found that sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and aspirin, at concentrations allowed for human and animal use, partially or totally reversed resistance to colistin in P. aeruginosa and highly resistant enterobacterial strains.
PMID:32989461 · one of two readings recorded this
Amino acid concentrations (D-alanine, L-alanine, D-serine, L-serine and ratios) end point change
no effect
We did not find any statistically significant end point change in the concentrations of any of the amino acid–related measures examined in this clinical trial
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Assessment of Quality of Life score at baseline
Assessment of Quality of Life score | 19.6 (4) | 18.8 (3.4) | 19.2 (3.7)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Assessment of Quality of Life score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
no effect, p = 0.16
Placebo | 83.6 (1.1) | 85.7 (1.2) | 87.2 (1.2) | 87.5 (1.2) | 88.3 (1.2) | 88.9 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.8) | 1.40 |.16
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Assessment of Quality of Life score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
BZ | 82.2 (1.1) | 83.9 (1.2) | 83.6 (1.2) | 84.9 (1.2) | 86.1 (1.2) | 86.4 (1.2)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Clinical Global Impression score at baseline
Clinical Global Impression score | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.2 (0.8)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Clinical Global Impression score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
no effect, p = 0.01
Placebo | 3.9 (0.1) | 3.8 (0.1) | 3.6 (0.1) | 3.5 (0.1) | 3.4 (0.1) | 3.2 (0.1) | –0.4 (0.1) | –2.56 |.01
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Clinical Global Impression score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
BZ | 4.0 (0.1) | 4.0 (0.1) | 3.9 (0.1) | 3.8 (0.1) | 3.7 (0.1) | 3.6 (0.1)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout
During the study, 10 participants from each group dropped out
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout
During the study, 10 participants from each group dropped out
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Global Assessment of Functioning score at baseline
Global Assessment of Functioning score | 52.7 (9.4) | 52 (9.3) | 52.4 (9.3)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Global Assessment of Functioning score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
no effect, p = 0.19
Placebo | 55.6 (1.1) | 57.6 (1.1) | 59.1 (1.1) | 60.2 (1.1) | 61.9 (1.1) | 63.3 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.6) | 1.32 |.19
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Global Assessment of Functioning score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
BZ | 55.4 (1.1) | 57.1 (1.1) | 57.7 (1.1) | 58.8 (1.1) | 60.1 (1.1) | 61.2 (1.1)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score at baseline
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score | 10.2 (5.6) | 8.7 (5.9) | 9.4 (5.8)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
no effect, p = 0.43
Placebo | 7.1 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.3 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.5 (0.7) | 4.6 (0.7) | –0.8 (1.0) | –0.79 |.43
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
BZ | 8.0 (0.6) | 8.1 (0.6) | 7.9 (0.6) | 6.7 (0.7) | 6.0 (0.7) | 5.3 (0.7)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS general psychopathology score at baseline
PANSS general psychopathology score | 38.6 (8.3) | 38 (7.3) | 38.3 (7.8)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS general psychopathology subscale score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
no effect, p = 0.63
Placebo | 33.9 (0.9) | 32.2 (0.9) | 30.8 (0.9) | 29.4 (1.0) | 27.6 (1.0) | 27.8 (1.0) | –0.7 (1.4) | –0.49 |.63
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS general psychopathology subscale score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
BZ | 34.3 (0.9) | 33.1 (0.9) | 32.0 (0.9) | 30.8 (1.0) | 29.4 (1.0) | 28.4 (1.0)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS negative score at baseline
PANSS negative score | 18.2 (5.9) | 19.1 (6.8) | 18.6 (6.3)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS negative symptom subscale score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
no effect, p = 0.43
Placebo | 17.6 (0.6) | 16.9 (0.6) | 16.1 (0.6) | 16.3 (0.6) | 15.4 (0.6) | 15.3 (0.6) | –0.7 (0.9) | –0.79 |.43
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS negative symptom subscale score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
BZ | 17.3 (0.6) | 16.9 (0.6) | 17.0 (0.6) | 17.2 (0.6) | 16.4 (0.6) | 16.0 (0.6)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS positive score at baseline
PANSS positive score | 19.1 (6.1) | 17.6 (5.9) | 18.4 (6)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS positive symptom subscale score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
no effect, p = 0.68
Placebo | 15.4 (0.5) | 14.4 (0.5) | 14.3 (0.5) | 13.9 (0.5) | 13.8 (0.5) | 12.9 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.41 |.68
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS positive symptom subscale score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
BZ | 16.0 (0.5) | 14.9 (0.5) | 13.9 (0.5) | 13.3 (0.5) | 12.9 (0.5) | 12.6 (0.6)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at baseline
Total PANSS score | 75.9 (16.3) | 74.7 (14.7) | 75.3 (15.4)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
no effect, p = 0.63
Placebo | 67.0 (1.6) | 63.5 (1.6) | 61.1 (1.7) | 59.6 (1.7) | 56.9 (1.7) | 56.0 (1.8) | –1.2 (2.4) | –0.49 |.63
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at final visit (placebo vs BZ difference)
BZ | 67.4 (1.6) | 64.8 (1.7) | 62.8 (1.7) | 61.4 (1.7) | 58.9 (1.7) | 57.2 (1.7)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 10
Placebo | 67.0 (1.6) | 63.5 (1.6) | 61.1 (1.7) | 59.6 (1.7) | 56.9 (1.7) | 56.0 (1.8) | –1.2 (2.4) | –0.49 |.63
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 10
BZ | 67.4 (1.6) | 64.8 (1.7) | 62.8 (1.7) | 61.4 (1.7) | 58.9 (1.7) | 57.2 (1.7)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 2
Placebo | 67.0 (1.6) | 63.5 (1.6) | 61.1 (1.7) | 59.6 (1.7) | 56.9 (1.7) | 56.0 (1.8) | –1.2 (2.4) | –0.49 |.63
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 2
BZ | 67.4 (1.6) | 64.8 (1.7) | 62.8 (1.7) | 61.4 (1.7) | 58.9 (1.7) | 57.2 (1.7)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 4
Placebo | 67.0 (1.6) | 63.5 (1.6) | 61.1 (1.7) | 59.6 (1.7) | 56.9 (1.7) | 56.0 (1.8) | –1.2 (2.4) | –0.49 |.63
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 4
BZ | 67.4 (1.6) | 64.8 (1.7) | 62.8 (1.7) | 61.4 (1.7) | 58.9 (1.7) | 57.2 (1.7)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 6
Placebo | 67.0 (1.6) | 63.5 (1.6) | 61.1 (1.7) | 59.6 (1.7) | 56.9 (1.7) | 56.0 (1.8) | –1.2 (2.4) | –0.49 |.63
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 6
BZ | 67.4 (1.6) | 64.8 (1.7) | 62.8 (1.7) | 61.4 (1.7) | 58.9 (1.7) | 57.2 (1.7)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 8
Placebo | 67.0 (1.6) | 63.5 (1.6) | 61.1 (1.7) | 59.6 (1.7) | 56.9 (1.7) | 56.0 (1.8) | –1.2 (2.4) | –0.49 |.63
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
PANSS total score at week 8
BZ | 67.4 (1.6) | 64.8 (1.7) | 62.8 (1.7) | 61.4 (1.7) | 58.9 (1.7) | 57.2 (1.7)
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score at 12 weeks, primary outcome, in early psychosis; secondary scales (PANSS subscales, HDRS-17, GAF, CGI, AQoL) also null by an agentless sentence that does not name the compound
no effect, end point least-square mean difference (SE) -1.2 (2.4), t = -0.49, p = 0.63
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
The end point least-square mean difference (SE) of the total PANSS score between BZ and placebo was −1.2 (2.4), which was not statistically significant (t = −0.49, P =.63) (Table 3).
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score at 12 weeks, primary outcome; secondary: PANSS subscales, HDRS-17, GAF, CGI, AQoL, blood amino acids by HPLC
no effect, no significant difference in PANSS total score, BZ vs placebo at 12 weeks
Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint
After 12 weeks of treatment with 1000 mg of BZ per day, there was no significant difference in PANSS total score in the treatment (BZ) vs placebo groups (Table 3 and Figure 2).
PMID:33170261 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog at baseline
no effect, p = 0.36
Baseline | 29.9 (14.0) | 19 | 34.5 (14.8) | 15 | NA | −0.92 |.36 | 30.6 (11.8) | 29 | 25.5 (10.5) | 32 | NA | 1.79 |.08 |.07
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog at baseline
no effect, p = 0.08
Baseline | 29.9 (14.0) | 19 | 34.5 (14.8) | 15 | NA | −0.92 |.36 | 30.6 (11.8) | 29 | 25.5 (10.5) | 32 | NA | 1.79 |.08 |.07
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog at end point
no effect, p = 0.52
End point | 29.0 (13.7) | 18 | 25.4 (15.5) | 11 | NA | 0.65 |.52 | 27.0 (13.3) | 27 | 26.0 (11.8) | 30 | NA | 0.29 |.77 |.67
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog at end point
no effect, p = 0.77
End point | 29.0 (13.7) | 18 | 25.4 (15.5) | 11 | NA | 0.65 |.52 | 27.0 (13.3) | 27 | 26.0 (11.8) | 30 | NA | 0.29 |.77 |.67
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog change from baseline to end point
no effect, p = 0.06, n = 35
benzoate treatment (19 men) did not differ significantly from placebo (16 men) in altering ADAS-cog scores (mean [SD] difference from baseline to end point, 0.5 [7.4] points vs −5.1 [7.5] points; Cohen d = 0.75, t = 1.96, P =.06)
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog change from baseline to end point
modulates, p = 0.004
There was a statistically significant sex difference in benzoate treatment on altering ADAS-cog scores (P =.004)
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog change from baseline to end point
decreases, p = 0.04, n = 62
benzoate treatment (30 women) generated significantly greater improvement in the ADAS-cog score than placebo (32 women) (mean [SD] difference from baseline to end point, −3.1 [6.4] points vs 0 [4.5] points; Cohen d = 0.56, t = −2.09, P =.04)
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog score change from baseline to end point, analysed separately in women and men (post hoc gender analysis); also BEHAVE-AD and estradiol/FSH ratio in women
decreases, -3.1 [6.4] points vs 0 [4.5] points; Cohen d = 0.56 (women only), p = 0.04, n = 62
Not recorded as a finding: every result is a subgroup, with no whole-population estimate
Among women, benzoate treatment (30 women) generated significantly greater improvement in the ADAS-cog score than placebo (32 women) (mean [SD] difference from baseline to end point, −3.1 [6.4] points vs 0 [4.5] points; Cohen d = 0.56, t = −2.09, P =.04) (Table 2).
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
ADAS-cog score change from baseline to end point at 6 weeks, split by sex; BEHAVE-AD scores; plasma estradiol, serum FSH and estradiol-to-FSH ratio in women
p = 0.04
Not recorded as a finding: every result is a subgroup, with no whole-population estimate
Among women, benzoate treatment (30 women) generated significantly greater improvement in the ADAS-cog score than placebo (32 women) (mean [SD] difference from baseline to end point, −3.1 [6.4] points vs 0 [4.5] points; Cohen d = 0.56, t = −2.09, P =.04) (Table 2).
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
BEHAVE-AD score after 6 weeks
no effect, p = 0.96
BEHAVE-AD scores after 6 weeks of treatment for the male (z = −0.05, P =.96)
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
BEHAVE-AD score after 6 weeks
no effect, p = 0.86
or female patients (z = 0.18, P =.86)
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Completion of 6-week trial
A total of 84 patients (86.6%) completed the 6-week clinical trial
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout
no effect
The dropout rate of the benzoate group (6 patients [12.2%]) was similar to that of the placebo group (7 patients [14.6%])
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout
no effect
The dropout rate of the benzoate group (6 patients [12.2%]) was similar to that of the placebo group (7 patients [14.6%])
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Estradiol at baseline
no effect, p = 0.81
Baseline | 25.7 (18.9) | 30 | 24.1 (17.6) | 31 |.81 a
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Estradiol at end point
no effect, p = 0.33
End point | 26.3 (16.7) | 29 | 23.5 (16.9) | 27 |.33 a
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Estradiol change from baseline to end point
no effect, p = 0.45
Difference | 0 (5.6) | 29 | −1.1 (5.9) | 27 |.45 a
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Estradiol to FSH ratio at baseline
no effect, p = 0.83
Baseline | 0.6 (0.5) | 30 | 0.7 (1.0) | 31 |.83 a
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Estradiol to FSH ratio at end point
no effect, p = 0.79
End point | 0.6 (0.5) | 29 | 0.7 (0.8) | 27 |.79 a
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Estradiol to FSH ratio change from baseline to end point
increases, p = 0.03
Difference | 0 (0.2) | 29 | −0.1 (0.3) | 27 |.03 a
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
FSH at baseline
no effect, p = 0.37
Baseline | 49.8 (16.3) | 30 | 45.8 (18.8) | 31 |.37 b
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
FSH at end point
no effect, p = 0.66
End point | 48.0 (15.8) | 29 | 45.9 (19.2) | 27 |.66 b
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
FSH change from baseline to end point
no effect, p = 0.19
Difference | −1.6 (9.1) | 29 | 1.4 (7.7) | 27 |.19 b
PMID:33881530 · one of two readings recorded this
Clinical Global Impression (CGI)
no effect, p = 0.58
CGI (p = 0.58)
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
cognitive function
no effect, p = 0.46
cognitive function (p = 0.46)
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
extrapyramidal symptoms
increases, p = 0.0002
Extrapyramidal symptoms were significantly higher (MD: 0.39; 95% CI:0.19-0.60; p = 0.0002) in the sodium benzoate group
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
general psychopathology
no effect, p = 0.49
general psychopathology (p = 0.49)
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
no effect, p = 0.43
There was no significant improvement in GAF (p = 0.43)
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
no effect, p = 0.84
no significant favourable effect on negative symptoms (p = 0.84)
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
decreases, p = 0.008
Add-on sodium benzoate can improve positive symptoms of schizophrenia significantly (MD: -1.87; 95%CI: -3.25 to -0.48; p = 0.008)
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
quality of life
no effect, p = 0.73
quality of life (p = 0.73)
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
total PANSS score
no effect, p = 0.19
total PANSS score (p = 0.19)
PMID:34890931 · one of two readings recorded this
Beck's Suicide Scale score, self-report
no effect, no significant difference from placebo or sertraline
Not recorded as a finding: No outcome node for the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation.
Concerning suicidal severity, benzoate treatment did not differ significantly from sertraline or placebo in lowering BSS scores (Table 3).
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.75
Endpoint | 5.0 ± 4.4 (37) | 3.8 ± 3.2 (34) | 4.8 ± 5.6 (38) | −0.65, 0.96, −0.68 (.50) b | 0.30, 0.94, 0.32 (.75) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.5
Endpoint | 5.0 ± 4.4 (37) | 3.8 ± 3.2 (34) | 4.8 ± 5.6 (38) | −0.65, 0.96, −0.68 (.50) b | 0.30, 0.94, 0.32 (.75) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.1
Week 2 | 6.7 ± 5.9 (37) | 4.9 ± 4.3 (34) | 4.8 ± 4.9 (38) | −0.69, 0.51, −1.35 (.18) b | −0.89, 0.54, −1.66 (.10) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.18
Week 2 | 6.7 ± 5.9 (37) | 4.9 ± 4.3 (34) | 4.8 ± 4.9 (38) | −0.69, 0.51, −1.35 (.18) b | −0.89, 0.54, −1.66 (.10) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.56
Week 4 | 5.9 ± 5.2 (37) | 4.6 ± 3.2 (28) | 4.5 ± 5.1 (32) | −0.93, 0.77, −1.20 (.23) b | −0.39, 0.67, −0.58 (.56) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.23
Week 4 | 5.9 ± 5.2 (37) | 4.6 ± 3.2 (28) | 4.5 ± 5.1 (32) | −0.93, 0.77, −1.20 (.23) b | −0.39, 0.67, −0.58 (.56) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.55
Week 6 | 5.0 ± 4.5 (35) | 4.2 ± 3.0 (26) | 3.4 ± 3.0 (29) | −0.63, 0.89, −0.70 (.48) b | −0.49, 0.82, −0.60 (.55) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.48
Week 6 | 5.0 ± 4.5 (35) | 4.2 ± 3.0 (26) | 3.4 ± 3.0 (29) | −0.63, 0.89, −0.70 (.48) b | −0.49, 0.82, −0.60 (.55) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.7
Week 8 | 4.2 ± 3.3 (34) | 3.6 ± 2.9 (24) | 3.9 ± 4.4 (29) | −0.58, 0.96, −0.60 (.55) b | 0.37, 0.96, 0.39 (.70) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
BSS score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.55
Week 8 | 4.2 ± 3.3 (34) | 3.6 ± 2.9 (24) | 3.9 ± 4.4 (29) | −0.58, 0.96, −0.60 (.55) b | 0.37, 0.96, 0.39 (.70) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.98
Endpoint | 3.5 ± 0.7 (37) | 3.6 ± 0.7 (34) | 3.5 ± 0.8 (38) | −0.13, 0.16, −0.78 (.43) b | −0.00, 0.17, −0.03 (.98) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.43
Endpoint | 3.5 ± 0.7 (37) | 3.6 ± 0.7 (34) | 3.5 ± 0.8 (38) | −0.13, 0.16, −0.78 (.43) b | −0.00, 0.17, −0.03 (.98) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.92
Week 2 | 3.8 ± 0.5 (37) | 3.8 ± 0.4 (34) | 3.7 ± 0.5 (38) | −0.08, 0.12, −0.68 (.50) b | −0.01, 0.13, −0.11 (.92) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.5
Week 2 | 3.8 ± 0.5 (37) | 3.8 ± 0.4 (34) | 3.7 ± 0.5 (38) | −0.08, 0.12, −0.68 (.50) b | −0.01, 0.13, −0.11 (.92) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.54
Week 4 | 3.7 ± 0.6 (37) | 3.6 ± 0.5 (28) | 3.6 ± 0.6 (32) | −0.12, 0.15, −0.82 (.41) b | −0.09, 0.15, −0.62 (.54) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.41
Week 4 | 3.7 ± 0.6 (37) | 3.6 ± 0.5 (28) | 3.6 ± 0.6 (32) | −0.12, 0.15, −0.82 (.41) b | −0.09, 0.15, −0.62 (.54) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.3
Week 6 | 3.5 ± 0.6 (35) | 3.5 ± 0.6 (26) | 3.4 ± 0.6 (29) | −0.20, 0.16, −1.23 (.22) b | −0.16, 0.15, −1.03 (.30) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.22
Week 6 | 3.5 ± 0.6 (35) | 3.5 ± 0.6 (26) | 3.4 ± 0.6 (29) | −0.20, 0.16, −1.23 (.22) b | −0.16, 0.15, −1.03 (.30) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.87
Week 8 | 3.4 ± 0.6 (34) | 3.3 ± 0.6 (24) | 3.4 ± 0.8 (29) | −0.16, 0.16, −0.97 (.33) b | −0.03, 0.17, −0.16 (.87) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
CGI score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.33
Week 8 | 3.4 ± 0.6 (34) | 3.3 ± 0.6 (24) | 3.4 ± 0.8 (29) | −0.16, 0.16, −0.97 (.33) b | −0.03, 0.17, −0.16 (.87) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Clinical Global Impression-Severity, clinician-rated
no effect, no significant difference from placebo or sertraline
Not recorded as a finding: No outcome node for CGI-Severity.
Regarding clinical global severity, benzoate treatment did not differ significantly from sertraline or placebo in lowering CGI scores (Table 3).
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
clinician-rated Clinical Global Impression-Severity score
no effect
Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node for CGI-Severity
Regarding clinical global severity, benzoate treatment did not differ significantly from sertraline or placebo in lowering CGI scores (Table 3).
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Cognitive composite T score at baseline
no effect, p = 0.8
Baseline | 49.4 ± 7.0 (38) | 50.5 ± 8.8 (37) | 50.3 ± 5.4 (36) | 0.22 (.80) d
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Cognitive composite T score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.44
Endpoint | 51.3 ± 7.7 (35) | 49.1 ± 7.7 (31) | 49.5 ± 6.6 (35) | 0.82 (.44) d
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Cognitive composite T score change from baseline to endpoint
increases, p = 0.031
Difference | 2.1 ± 5.3 (35) | −0.6 ± 4.7 (31) | −0.6 ± 4.1 (35) | 3.60 (.031) d
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout by week 2
decreases, p = 0.031
Week 2 | 2/39 (5.1%) | 9/39 (23.1%) | 3/39 (7.7%) | (.031) c
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout by week 4
decreases, p = 0.007
Week 4 | 2/39 (5.1%) | 13/39 (33.3%) | 10/39 (25.6%) | (.007) c
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout by week 6
decreases, p = 0.035
Week 6 | 5/39 (12.8%) | 15/39 (38.5%) | 10/39 (25.6%) | (.035) c
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout by week 8
no effect, p = 0.07
Week 8 | 6/39 (15.4%) | 15/39 (38.5%) | 10/39 (25.6%) | (.07) c
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Dropout overall
no effect, p = 0.07
Overall | 6/39 (15.4%) | 15/39 (38.5%) | 10/39 (25.6%) | (.07) c
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.39
Endpoint | 8.7 ± 4.0 (37) | 8.6 ± 3.8 (34) | 9.4 ± 3.3 (38) | −0.90, 0.87, −1.03 (.30) b | 0.69, 0.81, 0.85 (.39) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.3
Endpoint | 8.7 ± 4.0 (37) | 8.6 ± 3.8 (34) | 9.4 ± 3.3 (38) | −0.90, 0.87, −1.03 (.30) b | 0.69, 0.81, 0.85 (.39) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at endpoint
decreases, p = 0.04
endpoint, estimate = −1.58, SE = 0.77, Z = 2.05, P =.040
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.53
Week 2 | 9.8 ± 3.3 (37) | 9.5 ± 2.9 (34) | 9.5 ± 3.1 (38) | −1.03, 0.61, −1.69 (.09) b | −0.39, 0.61, −0.64 (.53) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.09
Week 2 | 9.8 ± 3.3 (37) | 9.5 ± 2.9 (34) | 9.5 ± 3.1 (38) | −1.03, 0.61, −1.69 (.09) b | −0.39, 0.61, −0.64 (.53) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.25
Week 4 | 9.2 ± 3.3 (37) | 9.1 ± 3.2 (28) | 9.6 ± 2.9 (32) | −0.65, 0.72, −0.90 (.37) b | 0.80, 0.69, 1.15 (.25) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.37
Week 4 | 9.2 ± 3.3 (37) | 9.1 ± 3.2 (28) | 9.6 ± 2.9 (32) | −0.65, 0.72, −0.90 (.37) b | 0.80, 0.69, 1.15 (.25) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 4
decreases, p = 0.042
sertraline vs placebo, week 4, estimate = −1.45, SE = 0.71, Z = 2.03, P =.042
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.88
Week 6 | 9.1 ± 3.4 (35) | 8.9 ± 3.2 (26) | 8.5 ± 3.0 (29) | −1.04, 0.80, −1.30 (.20) b | −0.12, 0.80, −0.15 (.88) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.2
Week 6 | 9.1 ± 3.4 (35) | 8.9 ± 3.2 (26) | 8.5 ± 3.0 (29) | −1.04, 0.80, −1.30 (.20) b | −0.12, 0.80, −0.15 (.88) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.45
Week 8 | 8.2 ± 3.8 (34) | 7.7 ± 3.6 (24) | 8.4 ± 2.8 (29) | −1.00, 0.89, −1.13 (.26) b | 0.61, 0.81, 0.76 (.45) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.26
Week 8 | 8.2 ± 3.8 (34) | 7.7 ± 3.6 (24) | 8.4 ± 2.8 (29) | −1.00, 0.89, −1.13 (.26) b | 0.61, 0.81, 0.76 (.45) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
GDS score at week 8
decreases, p = 0.041
week 8, estimate = −1.61, SE = 0.79, Z = 2.04, P =.041
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Geriatric Depression Scale score, self-report
no effect, no significant difference from placebo or sertraline
Not recorded as a finding: No outcome node for the Geriatric Depression Scale.
Regarding self-report depression assessment, benzoate did not differ significantly from sertraline or placebo in diminishing GDS scores (Table 3).
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.43
Endpoint | 20.9 ± 6.9 (37) | 20.8 ± 7.2 (34) | 21.3 ± 8.4 (38) | −0.88, 1.32, −0.67 (.51) b | 1.11, 1.40, 0.80 (.43) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.51
Endpoint | 20.9 ± 6.9 (37) | 20.8 ± 7.2 (34) | 21.3 ± 8.4 (38) | −0.88, 1.32, −0.67 (.51) b | 1.11, 1.40, 0.80 (.43) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.97
Week 2 | 23.4 ± 6.5 (37) | 23.8 ± 5.4 (34) | 22.6 ± 6.3 (38) | −0.28, 0.86, −0.33 (.74) b | −0.04, 0.87, −0.04 (.97) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.74
Week 2 | 23.4 ± 6.5 (37) | 23.8 ± 5.4 (34) | 22.6 ± 6.3 (38) | −0.28, 0.86, −0.33 (.74) b | −0.04, 0.87, −0.04 (.97) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.73
Week 4 | 22.4 ± 6.0 (37) | 22.0 ± 5.4 (28) | 21.4 ± 7.2 (32) | −0.85, 1.13, −0.75 (.45) b | 0.38, 1.10, 0.34 (.73) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.45
Week 4 | 22.4 ± 6.0 (37) | 22.0 ± 5.4 (28) | 21.4 ± 7.2 (32) | −0.85, 1.13, −0.75 (.45) b | 0.38, 1.10, 0.34 (.73) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.95
Week 6 | 20.7 ± 5.4 (35) | 20.8 ± 5.7 (26) | 18.9 ± 6.9 (29) | −0.57, 1.22, −0.47 (.64) b | 0.09, 1.32, 0.06 (.95) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.64
Week 6 | 20.7 ± 5.4 (35) | 20.8 ± 5.7 (26) | 18.9 ± 6.9 (29) | −0.57, 1.22, −0.47 (.64) b | 0.09, 1.32, 0.06 (.95) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.47
Week 8 | 19.9 ± 6.0 (34) | 18.7 ± 6.3 (24) | 19.3 ± 7.2 (29) | −1.12, 1.32, −0.85 (.40) b | 1.02, 1.41, 0.73 (.47) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
HAMD score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.4
Week 8 | 19.9 ± 6.0 (34) | 18.7 ± 6.3 (24) | 19.3 ± 7.2 (29) | −1.12, 1.32, −0.85 (.40) b | 1.02, 1.41, 0.73 (.47) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL at baseline
no effect, p = 0.07
Baseline | 39 | 104.6 (36.8) | 39 | 96.8 (30.3) | 39 | 117.9 (50.1) |.07 a
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.8
Endpoint | 34 | 104.7 (36.6) | 30 | 105.1 (36.2) | 34 | 111.0 (48.4) |.80 b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL change from baseline to endpoint
modulates, p = 0.01
Difference | 34 | –5.7 (18.0) | 30 | 9.7 (20.8) | 34 | −8.1 (22.5) |.010 b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Perceived Stress Scale score, self-report, benzoate vs placebo at week 8
decreases
Not recorded as a finding: perceived-stress-scale node requires the item count (PSS-14, -10 or -4) and the paper never states it; also significant only at week 8 (P = .047) while the endpoint contrast was not significant (P = .07)
As for perceived stress, benzoate excelled placebo in reducing PSS scores at week 8 (Table 2), while benzoate and sertraline did not differ significantly in altering PSS (Table 2).
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
Perceived Stress Scale score (self-report; PSS version and item count not stated)
decreases, benzoate lower than placebo at week 8
Not recorded as a finding: Benzoate beat placebo at week 8 only; the endpoint comparison was not significant (p = .07 in Table 2), so the week-8 sentence is a secondary timepoint. Node perceived-stress-scale also requires the item count, which the paper does not state.
As for perceived stress, benzoate excelled placebo in reducing PSS scores at week 8 (Table 2), while benzoate and sertraline did not differ significantly in altering PSS (Table 2).
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.07
Endpoint | 32.8 ± 9.9 (37) | 34.5 ± 4.5 (34) | 34.8 ± 5.8 (38) | 1.84, 1.76, 1.05 (.30) b | 3.07, 1.69, 1.82 (.07) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at endpoint
no effect, p = 0.3
Endpoint | 32.8 ± 9.9 (37) | 34.5 ± 4.5 (34) | 34.8 ± 5.8 (38) | 1.84, 1.76, 1.05 (.30) b | 3.07, 1.69, 1.82 (.07) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.51
Week 2 | 36.5 ± 6.4 (37) | 34.3 ± 4.8 (34) | 34.5 ± 5.9 (38) | −1.64, 1.22, −1.35 (.18) a | −0.76, 1.16, −0.66 (.51) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at week 2
no effect, p = 0.18
Week 2 | 36.5 ± 6.4 (37) | 34.3 ± 4.8 (34) | 34.5 ± 5.9 (38) | −1.64, 1.22, −1.35 (.18) a | −0.76, 1.16, −0.66 (.51) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.17
Week 4 | 34.8 ± 6.9 (37) | 35.3 ± 3.8 (28) | 35.2 ± 5.2 (32) | 0.55, 1.28, 0.43 (.67) b | 1.55, 1.13, 1.37 (.17) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at week 4
no effect, p = 0.67
Week 4 | 34.8 ± 6.9 (37) | 35.3 ± 3.8 (28) | 35.2 ± 5.2 (32) | 0.55, 1.28, 0.43 (.67) b | 1.55, 1.13, 1.37 (.17) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.95
Week 6 | 34.7 ± 7.5 (35) | 35.0 ± 3.7 (26) | 34.0 ± 6.0 (29) | −0.26, 1.46, −0.18 (.86) b | −0.10, 1.55, −0.06 (.95) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at week 6
no effect, p = 0.86
Week 6 | 34.7 ± 7.5 (35) | 35.0 ± 3.7 (26) | 34.0 ± 6.0 (29) | −0.26, 1.46, −0.18 (.86) b | −0.10, 1.55, −0.06 (.95) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at week 8
decreases, p = 0.047
Week 8 | 30.9 ± 8.4 (33) | 34.2 ± 3.8 (24) | 34.4 ± 5.6 (29) | 2.16, 1.74, 1.24 (.22) b | 3.34, 1.68, 1.99 (.047) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
PSS score at week 8
no effect, p = 0.22
Week 8 | 30.9 ± 8.4 (33) | 34.2 ± 3.8 (24) | 34.4 ± 5.6 (29) | 2.16, 1.74, 1.24 (.22) b | 3.34, 1.68, 1.99 (.047) b
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
self-report Geriatric Depression Scale score
no effect
Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node for GDS
Regarding self-report depression assessment, benzoate did not differ significantly from sertraline or placebo in diminishing GDS scores (Table 3).
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
self-reported Beck's Suicide Scale score
no effect
Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node for BSS
Concerning suicidal severity, benzoate treatment did not differ significantly from sertraline or placebo in lowering BSS scores (Table 3).
PMID:35023557 · one of two readings recorded this
antioxidant enzyme activities (brain)
decreases, decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities
SB-treated rats showed a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities, increase malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, caspase-3, and acetylcholinesterase activity in the striatum, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum.
PMID:35187746 · one of two readings recorded this
antioxidant enzyme activities (unspecified) in brain tissue
decreases
Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node for an unnamed composite brain antioxidant enzyme activity measure
SB-treated rats showed a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities, increase malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, caspase-3, and acetylcholinesterase activity in the striatum, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum.
PMID:35187746 · one of two readings recorded this
Sources cited
8 papers
- Subject
- sodium benzoate
- Findings
- 13
- Papers
- 8
Sodium benzoate treatment linked to increased glutathione levels and improved positive and negative symptoms, global function, and quality of life in patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.record2026PMID:414017231 finding
Sodium Benzoate Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation and Accelerates Bone Loss by Regulating the FGF2/p38/RUNX2 Pathway.record2025PMID:404045841 finding
Sodium Benzoate Induces Fat Accumulation and Reduces Lifespan via the SKN-1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Evidence from the Caenorhabditis elegans Model.record2024PMID:395195842 findings
Sodium benzoate induces pancreatic inflammation and β cell apoptosis partially via benzoylation.record2024PMID:381507471 finding
Toxicological assessment of sodium benzoate in Drosophila melanogaster.record2024PMID:379862211 finding
Sodium benzoate exacerbates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats.record2023PMID:369271853 findings
Sodium benzoate induces neurobehavioral deficits and brain oxido-inflammatory stress in male Wistar rats: Ameliorative role of ascorbic acid.record2022PMID:351877461 finding
Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.record1993PMID:82120593 findings
Other names
2 names
Resolves to: sodium benzoate
- Also called
- Benzoic acid, sodium saltE211