palmitoyl-CoA

Three steps

• sphinga-4E,14Z-dienineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphing-4-enine + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = sphinga-4E,14Z-dienine + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• 1',3'-bis-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. 1'-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-3'-[1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA = 1',3'-bis-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosol

• 1'-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-3'-[1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerolReach from here →
  1. fatty-acyl-CoA synthase (N-C18:0CoA)
  2. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. 1'-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-3'-[1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1'-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-3'-[1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SCD, SCD5, HADHAcytosol

• 1'-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-3'-[1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerolReach from here →
  1. palmitoyl-CoA desaturase (N-C16:0CoA -> N-C16:1CoA)
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. 1'-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-3'-[1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1'-[1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-3'-[1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SCD, SCD5, HADHAcytosol

• tetradecanalReach from here →
  1. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16->C14), Mitochondrial
  2. Myristoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. tetradecanal + NAD(+) + H2O = tetradecanoate + NADH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by HADHA, ACADVL, HADHB, ACOT7 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-cholesterolReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)
  3. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + cholesterol = (9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-cholesterol + CoA

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosol

• cholesteryl (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 11 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 6 routes

• a monoacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = a monoacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + a fatty acid + H(+)

  Catalysed by LPGAT1, PNLIPRP2cytosol

• 2-(acylamino)ethyl fatty acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. an N-acylethanolamine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 2-(acylamino)ethyl fatty acid + a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by LPGAT1, PLA2G15cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by LPGAT1, PLA2G15cytosolOne of 8 routes

• O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. fatty-acyl-CoA synthase (N-C18:0CoA)
  2. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SCD, SCD5, CPT2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• O-4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 6 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 8 routes

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. ethanol + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol + choline

  Catalysed by LPGAT1, PLD1cytosol

• beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-N-octadecanoylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. fatty-acyl-CoA synthase (N-C18:0CoA)
  2. sphing-4-enine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-octadecanoylsphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)
  3. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-N-octadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-octadecanoylsphing-4-enine

  Catalysed by CERS1, TLCD3B, CERS2, CERS4 and 1 morecytosol

• O-hexanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. hexanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-hexanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, CRATperoxisome

• O-3-oxobutanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. acetoacetyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-3-oxobutanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, CRATperoxisome

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl)-cholesterolReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 11 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 7 routes

• N-(dodecanoyl)-sphinganineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA:L-serine C-palmitoyltransferase (decarboxylating)
  2. sphinganine + NADP(+) = 3-oxosphinganine + NADPH + H(+)
  3. N-(dodecanoyl)-sphinganine + H2O = dodecanoate + sphinganine

  Catalysed by SPTLC1, SPTLC2, SPTLC3, KDSR and 1 morecytosol

• 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-cytidine-5'-diphosphateReach from here →
  1. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA)
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CTP + H(+) = 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-cytidine-5'-diphosphate + diphosphate

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 morecytosol

• 1-decanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. fatty-acyl-CoA synthase (N-C18:0CoA)
  2. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. 1-decanoylglycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-decanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SCD, SCD5, MOGAT2cytosol

• N-eicosanoylglycinateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-eicosanoylglycinate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-docosanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-docosanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-hexacosanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexacosanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (2E,5Z)-tetradecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (physeteric acid)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (5-tetradecenoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 13 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• cholesteryl (11Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Transport of 11-Octadecenoyl Carnitine into the Mitochondrial Matrix
  3. (11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + cholesterol = cholesteryl (11Z)-octadecenoate + CoA

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 5 morecytosol

• 17R-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + AH2 + O2 = 17R-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 morecytosol

• 13-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + AH2 + O2 = 13-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 morecytosol

• taurochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoyl-CoA:taurine N-choloyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 4 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes