Catalyst

Reference

Evidence

CompoundsSubstances with curated findings
OutcomesMeasured endpoints
ProteinsTransporters and enzymes
InteractionsPairs that share biology
PapersEvery paper a finding cites
ArticlesReadings of the evidence

Chemistry

ReactionsRhea and Human-GEM, by subsystem
ReachWhat a compound can become

Reference layer

PathwaysReactions grouped under one name
ProcessesWhat proteins are annotated as doing
AnatomyTissues, by what is expressed there
Cell typesCells, by what is expressed there
OrganismsSpecies a compound is prepared from
MaterialsSubstances that are not one molecule
AssessmentsRegulatory determinations, transcribed
DiseasesFeatures, genes, and where each sits

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Search the graph

Search ?

Reference

Evidence

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Interactions
Papers
Articles

Chemistry

Reactions
Reach

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Loading the page.

Catalyst

Computational infrastructure for human biology, built on a provenance-aware knowledge graph. Findings retain their sources; research and simulation are the next layers.

The graph

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Atlas
Interactions
Papers
Articles
Graph
Search

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases
Reactions
Reach

How it works

Mission
Method
Twin
How to read the evidence
Sources and licences

Build on it

Access
In your assistant
For agents
Query the graph
Bulk export

A reference for what the literature reports. Not medical advice.

Reach

iron(2+)

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

450 compounds within 3 steps: 4 in 1, 58 in 2, 388 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

L-asparagineReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes
L-phenylalanineReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes
3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix
N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix
trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes
monodehydro-L-ascorbate radicalReach from here →
1. Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase
2. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
Catalysed by CP, FTH1, FXN, FTMT and 6 moreextracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane
L-prolineReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes
Fe(II)-heme oReach from here →
1. Ferrochelatase, Mitochondrial
2. farnesyl-PP[m] + H2O[m] + heme[m] = PPi[m] + Fe(II)-heme o[m]
Catalysed by FECH, COX10mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes
L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes
Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix
(2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
1. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix
ferroheme c di-L-cysteine(2-) residueReach from here →
1. Ferrochelatase, Mitochondrial
2. Cytochrome c apocytochrome-c-lyase
Catalysed by FECH, HCCSmitochondrial matrix

Three steps

beta-carbolineReach from here →
Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol
(S)-carnitineReach from here →
Catalysed by and 6 more

Page 2 of 9

NDUFAB1

, FDXR

, FXN

, FDX2

mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

One of 245 routes

2-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 10 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

3-methyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-Valine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

(8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
GTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H(+)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

AReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 72 routes

glycoursodeoxycholateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
glycine to glycoursodeoxycholate conversion

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

(18S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + AH2 + O2 = (18S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-eicosapentaenoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + AH2 + O2 = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

prostaglandin H3Reach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
prostaglandin G3 + AH2 = prostaglandin H3 + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

13-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 13-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →

Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase
Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

Catalysed by CP, FTH1, FXN, FTMT and 7 moreextracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-phenylalanine + (9Z)-octadecenoate = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + L-phenylalanine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-leucineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-leucine + H2O = L-leucine + (9Z)-octadecenoate

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix

N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
(9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix

(13R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = (13R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix

acetoacetateReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

2-[(15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

2-[(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + AH2 = 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 = 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

N-(4-oxoglutaryl)-L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
N-(4-oxoglutaryl)-L-cysteinylglycine + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + 2-oxoglutarate

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 10 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix

N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →

Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase
Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

Catalysed by CP, FTH1, FXN, FTMT and 7 moreextracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycineReach from here →

Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase
Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

Catalysed by CP, FTH1, FXN, FTMT and 7 moreextracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

N-decanoylglycineReach from here →

Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase
Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
N-decanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-decanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

Catalysed by CP, FTH1, FXN, FTMT and 7 moreextracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

N-octanoylglycineReach from here →

Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase
Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
N-octanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

Catalysed by CP, FTH1, FXN, FTMT and 7 moreextracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

D-histidineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
D-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = D-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

L-homoarginineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

L-homocarnosineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
Formation of homocarnosine

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix

L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix

2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →

De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol