Endpoint

LDL cholesterol

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including cholesterol esters and free cholesterol.

Definition from MeSH (D008078), National Library of Medicine, read 2026-09-23. NLM revises MeSH; this copy may not reflect its current record.

CAT:outcome/ldl-cholesterolreported in mg/dL41 findings from 26 compounds

Open in the graph

What moved it

How to read these marks

41 findings · 26 compounds · 20 null · by evidence strength

Compound	Direction	Findings	Strongest evidence
curcumin	down 2 · no effect 2	4	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
resveratrol	down 3 · no effect 1	4	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
astaxanthin	up 1 · no effect 1	2	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
berberine	down	2	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
empagliflozin	no effect	2	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
pravastatin	down	2	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid	no effect	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
Curcuma longa	no effect	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum	no effect	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
lipoic acid	no effect	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
melatonin	down	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
NMN zwitterion	no effect	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
vitamin D2	no effect	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
Zn(2+)	up 1 · down 1	2	Evidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.
chromium(3+)	no effect	1	Evidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.
magnesium(2+)	no effect 2 · down 1	3	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate	down	2	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
coenzyme Q10	no effect	2	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
Camellia sinensis	down	1	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
crocin-1	no effect	1	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
L-arginine	no effect	1	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
lutein	down	1	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
naringenin	down	1	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
α-tocopherol	no effect	1	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.
aspartame	up	1	Evidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.
pectin	down	1	Evidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.

Reported to move it

21 findings

berberine — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×1
“BBR significantly reduced LDL compared to placebo (WMD = −9.63 mg/dl; 95%CI, −13.87 to −5.39; P < 0.001).”
Quoted verbatim from The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

Adults in randomised controlled trials of berberine (type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease, PCOS and other populations)
Effect -9.63 mean difference, 95% CI -13.87 to -5.39
The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.2022PMID:36313096Permalink
resveratrol — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×2
“There was a significant decrease following RSV administration in WC with an SMD of –0.36 (95% CI: –0.59 to –0.14; P = 0.002; I2 = 88%), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): –0.48 (–0.69 to –0.2; P ≤ 0.001; I2 = 94%), TC: –0.15 (–0.3 to –0.01; P = 0.003; I2 = 94%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): –0.42 (–0.57 to –0.27; P ≤ 0.001; I2 = 92%), and HDL-C:0.16 (–0.31 to –0.02; P = 0.03; I2 = 81%).”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy of Resveratrol Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

adults, mostly obese and diabetic patients, RSV vs placebo, pooled from 25 RCTs (1,171 participants)
Effect -0.42 standardised mean difference, 95% CI -0.57 to -0.27
Efficacy of Resveratrol Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.2022PMID:35431994Permalink
resveratrol — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×2
“The applied random-effects model showed that resveratrol intake significantly decreased the LDL-C level (Mean difference = −5.69; 95%CI: −11.07, −0.31, p = 0.038, I2 = 64.2%, C).”
Quoted verbatim from The Effect of Resveratrol on Blood Lipid Profile: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

10-3000 mg/day resveratrol across the pooled trials
Population

Adults aged 18-85 in 15 placebo-controlled RCTs (16 comparisons), resveratrol vs placebo
Effect -5.69 mean difference, 95% CI -11.07 to -0.31
The Effect of Resveratrol on Blood Lipid Profile: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2022PMID:36145131Permalink
astaxanthin — increases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding
“However, AST significantly increased the level of LDL-C (MD = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.64, 0.89; I2 = 0%; p < 0.00001;, regardless the duration of consumption and dosage of administration (Supplementary File S6 Figure S8a,b).”
Quoted verbatim from Astaxanthin Influence on Health Outcomes of Adults at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

adults with metabolic syndrome risk factors (CTS, T2DM, obesity, hypertension, renal transplant recipients); meta-analysis pooling 7 RCTs
Effect 0.64 mean difference, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.89
Astaxanthin Influence on Health Outcomes of Adults at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2022PMID:35631193Permalink
melatonin — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding
“The meta-analysis indicated that melatonin supplementation significantly reduced serum TC (WMD: −6.97 mg/dL, 95% CI: −12.20, −1.74) and LDL-C levels (WMD: −6.28 mg/dL, 95% CI: −10.53, −2.03) in the melatonin group compared with the control group.”
Quoted verbatim from Comprehensive Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

0.3-100 mg/day oral
Population

adults in 63 RCTs of melatonin supplementation vs placebo across mixed clinical populations
Effect -6.28 mean difference, 95% CI -10.53 to -2.03
Comprehensive Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.2025PMID:41515249Permalink
curcumin — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×1
“Furthermore, at the end of the study, the Curcumin group reported lower LDL levels ( P = 0.024) and higher HDL levels ( P = 0.024) versus the control group.”
Quoted verbatim from Curcumin supplementation improves the clinical outcomes of patients with diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk..
Study

RCT
Dose

Oral Puritan's Pride Turmeric Curcumin 500 mg capsules (Curcuma longa root 450 mg plus turmeric extract 50 mg standardised to 95% curcuminoids), one capsule three times daily after meals (1500 mg/day) for 14 weeks, added to conventional therapy
Population

Adults aged 50-74 y with type 2 diabetes and a 10-year ASCVD risk score >=5%, Cairo, Egypt; 85 randomised (42 curcumin, 43 control), 72 analysed (36 per group); open-label trial in which the control arm received conventional therapy only, with no placebo; the paper declares no primary endpoint and powered its sample size on change in HDL-C; LDL-C calculated by the Friedewald equation, HDL-C by enzymatic colorimetric assay
Curcumin supplementation improves the clinical outcomes of patients with diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.2025PMID:40759997Permalink

Show the remaining 15

pravastatin — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×1
“Pravastatin use was associated with a significantly greater decrease from baseline to week 6 and baseline to week 12 in LDL cholesterol (Week 6 – Baseline ANCOVA: p<.0001 and Week 12 – Baseline ANCOVA: p=0.0003), total cholesterol (Week 6 – Baseline ANCOVA: p<0001 and Week 12 – Baseline ANCOVA: p=0.001), and small LDL particle numbers (Week 6 – Baseline ANCOVA: p= 0.05 and Week 12 – Baseline ANCOVA: p=0.009).”
Quoted verbatim from A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of pravastatin as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia patients: effect on inflammation, psychopathology, cognition and lipid metabolism..
Study

RCT
Duration

3 months
Dose

40 mg/day
Population

Outpatients aged 18 to 68 with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder on stable antipsychotic treatment; change from baseline to week 12
A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of pravastatin as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia patients: effect on inflammation, psychopathology, cognition and lipid metabolism.2014PMID:25261882Permalink
Zn(2+) — increases
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.Finding
“Seven studies demonstrated a significant increase in LDL cholesterol with zinc supplementation (MD = 3.46; 95% CI 1.48 to 5.43; p = 0.0006), with very low heterogeneity (I 2 = 3%).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Glycemic Control, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

Adults and children with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes or prediabetes in 18 pooled RCTs of zinc supplementation against placebo or standard care
Effect 3.46 mean difference, 95% CI 1.48 to 5.43
Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Glycemic Control, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2026PMID:42594341Permalink
Zn(2+) — decreases
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.Finding
“After analyzing the results of 14 studies with 17 effect sizes, a significant reduction in serum concentrations of LDL was observed following zinc supplementation (WMD: −6.18; 95% CI: −9.35, −3.02; P < 0.001).”
Quoted verbatim from The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus; 14 randomised trials, zinc supplement versus placebo or no zinc, some trials with a co-supplement given identically in both arms
Effect -6.18 mean difference, 95% CI -9.35 to -3.02
The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.2023PMID:37604307Permalink
curcumin — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×1
“There were also significant reductions in body mass index and serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin compared with the placebo group.”
Quoted verbatim from Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Curcumin: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial..
Study

RCT
Duration

8 weeks
Dose

amorphous dispersion curcumin formulation 500 mg/day (~70 mg curcumin) for 8 weeks
Population

adults with ultrasound-diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Curcumin: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.2016PMID:27270872Permalink
Camellia sinensis — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding
“Mean lipid variations induced by the use of green tea (Camellia sinensis) showed a 3.9% reduction (p = 0.006) in total cholesterol concentrations and a 4.5% reduction (p = 0.026) in LDL-cholesterol.”
Quoted verbatim from Prospective double-blind crossover study of Camellia sinensis (green tea) in dyslipidemias..
Study

crossover
Duration

8 weeks
Dose

250-mg green tea dry extract capsules
Population

Adults aged 21-71 with dyslipidemias; low-fat background diet; crossover design
Prospective double-blind crossover study of Camellia sinensis (green tea) in dyslipidemias.2009PMID:19838489Permalink
lutein — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding
“Both intention-to-treat analysis and the per-protocol analysis showed significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and malonaldehyde levels in the lutein supplementation group compared with the placebo group.”
Quoted verbatim from Effect of lutein supplementation on blood lipids and advanced glycation end products in adults with central obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial..
Study

RCT
Duration

7 months
Dose

10 mg/day lutein
Population

adults with central obesity
Effect of lutein supplementation on blood lipids and advanced glycation end products in adults with central obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.2025PMID:39964702Permalink
berberine — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×1
“Berberine led to significant declines in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting serum insulin, and insulin resistance(all p<0.05) compared with placebo.”
Quoted verbatim from The effect of berberine adjunctive treatment on glycolipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial..
Study

RCT
Duration

8 weeks
Dose

berberine 900 mg/day
Population

patients with schizophrenia, berberine given as adjunctive treatment
The effect of berberine adjunctive treatment on glycolipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.2021PMID:33812218Permalink
magnesium(2+) — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding
“The pooled analysis of 12 randomized controlled trial s indicated that Mg administration led to significant reduction of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (p = 0.006).”
Quoted verbatim from The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2021PMID:32468224Permalink
(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×1
“LDL-c level was also reduced in the HFE group as compared with the HFW group (p = 0.011).”
Quoted verbatim from Green Tea Extract Rich in Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Prevents Fatty Liver by AMPK Activation via LKB1 in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet..
Study

animal · not in humans
Duration

4 months
Dose

green tea extract 98% EGCG, 50 mg/kg/day by gavage
Population

Male Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks, green tea extract (HFE) versus water by gavage (HFW), 12-hour fasted
Green Tea Extract Rich in Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Prevents Fatty Liver by AMPK Activation via LKB1 in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.2015PMID:26536464Permalink
(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×1
“According to weighted mean differences for changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI), 107-856 mg/d of EGCG for 4 to 14 weeks reduced LDL-C by -9.29 mg/dl (95% CI, -12.27 to -6.31).”
Quoted verbatim from Systematic review of green tea epigallocatechin gallate in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of humans..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

107-856 mg/d for 4 to 14 weeks
Population

healthy individuals, pooled across 17 randomized controlled trials of EGCG for 4 to 14 weeks
Effect -9.29 mean difference, 95% CI -12.27 to -6.31
Systematic review of green tea epigallocatechin gallate in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of humans.2016PMID:27324590Permalink
naringenin — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding
“Naringenin consumption significantly reduced percentages of NAFLD grades (P < .001), as well as, serum levels of triglyceride (TG) (P < .001), total cholesterol (TC) (P = .01), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P = .02) and increased serum level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P = .02) compared with the control group.”
Quoted verbatim from Does naringenin supplementation improve lipid profile, severity of hepatic steatosis and probability of liver fibrosis in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD? A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial..
Study

RCT
Duration

4 weeks
Dose

100 mg capsules twice a day, before lunch and dinner
Population

44 overweight/obese patients with NAFLD, placebo-controlled
Does naringenin supplementation improve lipid profile, severity of hepatic steatosis and probability of liver fibrosis in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD? A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.2021PMID:34516703Permalink
pravastatin — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×1
“Pravastatin 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 21.7% to 31.9%, total cholesterol by 16.1% to 23.3%,and triglycerides by 5.8% to 20.0%.”
Quoted verbatim from Pravastatin for lowering lipids..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

10 mg/day to 80 mg/day
Population

Participants of any age, with and without evidence of cardiovascular disease, in randomized placebo-controlled trials of fixed pravastatin doses lasting three to 12 weeks; dose range 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day
Pravastatin for lowering lipids.2023PMID:37721222Permalink
resveratrol — decreases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Findingreplicated ×2
“Compared with model group, the resveratrol group manifested a significant reducing effect on LDL-C level [SMD = −2.01, 95% CI (−2.77, −1.25), p < 0.0001] (Supplementary Figure S3A A).”
Quoted verbatim from Integrative evidence construction for resveratrol treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: preclinical and clinical meta-analyses..
Study

animal · not in humans
Participants

208
Dose

20-400 mg/kg, 4-20 weeks, pooled across studies
Population

rodents with diet-induced NAFLD models, resveratrol vs model/control group, preclinical meta-analysis, 13 studies, 208 animals
Effect -2.01 standardised mean difference, 95% CI -2.77 to -1.25
Integrative evidence construction for resveratrol treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: preclinical and clinical meta-analyses.2023PMID:37767399Permalink
aspartame — increases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding
“Also, ASP 2 and ASP 3 significantly increased the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the rats.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of long-term administration of aspartame on biochemical indices, lipid profile and redox status of cellular system of male rats..
Study

animal · not in humans
Duration

2 months
Dose

35 and 70 mg/kg daily by oral gavage
Population

Male Wistar rats given aspartame 35 mg/kg (ASP 2) and 70 mg/kg (ASP 3) daily by oral gavage for 9 weeks versus distilled water; the 15 mg/kg dose is not covered by this sentence
Effects of long-term administration of aspartame on biochemical indices, lipid profile and redox status of cellular system of male rats.2016PMID:26247507Permalink
pectin — decreases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding
“In pigs fed with pectin, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were lowered but high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) was increased (P < 0.05).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of dietary pectin on the profile and transport of intestinal bile acids in young pigs..
Study

animal · not in humans
Duration

2 months
Dose

5% pectin in diet
Population

Young pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets with 5% pectin or cornstarch control for 72 days
Effects of dietary pectin on the profile and transport of intestinal bile acids in young pigs.2018PMID:30102377Permalink

Measured, no effect detected

20 findings

empagliflozin — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1
“The pooled data from five RCTs (377 participants) indicated that empagliflozin did not significantly alter LDL‐C levels (WMD = −8.45 mg/dL, 95% CI: −33.33 to 16.43, p = 0.329; I 2 = 88.5%).”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy of Empagliflozin on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profile and BMI in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

10 mg/day
Population

Adults with MASLD (previously NAFLD or NASH), with or without type 2 diabetes; five RCTs
Effect -8.45 mean difference, 95% CI -33.33 to 16.43
Efficacy of Empagliflozin on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profile and BMI in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2026PMID:42504019Permalink
resveratrol — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result
“The pooled effect estimate revealed no effect of resveratrol on LDL (MD = -2.03; 95% CI [-10.24, 6.18], P = 0.63).”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy of resveratrol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Participants

108
Population

Women with PCOS, pooled across 2 RCTs (n=108: 54 per arm).
Effect -2.03 mean difference, 95% CI -10.24 to 6.18
Efficacy of resveratrol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.2023PMID:37333786Permalink
lipoic acid — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result
“The meta-analysis results indicated that ALA supplementation was not significantly associated with changes in intermediate disease markers, including TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, HOMA-IR or FBS (online supplemental figures S1–S6).”
Quoted verbatim from Alpha-lipoic acid on intermediate disease markers in overweight or obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

300 to 1800 mg/day across trials
Population

Overweight or obese adults (BMI 25 kg/m2 or above) in 11 parallel-design RCTs, some with comorbidities; comparator no intervention or placebo; most trials oral, one intravenous
Alpha-lipoic acid on intermediate disease markers in overweight or obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.2025PMID:40180416Permalink
Curcuma longa — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result
“WEC had no effects on the levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (Table 5).”
Quoted verbatim from Hot Water Extract of Curcuma longa L. Improves Serum Inflammatory Markers and General Health in Subjects with Overweight or Prehypertension/Mild Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial..
Study

RCT
Dose

900 mg WEC (three tablets) once daily for 12 weeks
Population

Overweight or prehypertensive/mildly hypertensive adults aged 50-69 years; WEC vs placebo
Hot Water Extract of Curcuma longa L. Improves Serum Inflammatory Markers and General Health in Subjects with Overweight or Prehypertension/Mild Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.2019PMID:31394768Industry fundedPermalink
all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result
“In Nestel et al.’s study in dyslipidaemic subjects (~3 g/day EPA or DHA for seven weeks), there was no change in total or LDL cholesterol with either EPA or DHA compared to olive oil.”
Quoted verbatim from The Differential Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review..
Study

RCT
Duration

7 weeks
Dose

~3 g/day EPA
Population

dyslipidaemic subjects (Nestel et al. study)
The Differential Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review.2018PMID:29425187An author is affiliated with a producerPermalink
vitamin D2 — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result
“In contrast, the effects of vitamin D2 on total cholesterol and LDL were not significant.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of different vitamin D supplements on body fat distribution and glucolipid metabolism in patients with obesity-associated metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

vitamin D2 1000 to 2000 IU/day across included trials (Table 1)
Population

Adults with obesity and/or metabolic syndrome; pooled randomised trials of vitamin D2 supplementation (about 1000 to 2000 IU/day, 6 to 12 months) versus placebo or no intervention
Effects of different vitamin D supplements on body fat distribution and glucolipid metabolism in patients with obesity-associated metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis.2026PMID:41731803Permalink

Show the remaining 14

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result
“Throughout the 24-week intervention, lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, remained stable and within normal reference ranges in both the placebo and probiotic groups, with no statistically significant differences observed between groups (Table 3).”
Quoted verbatim from Safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014 in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial..
Study

RCT
Duration

6 months
Dose

one sachet daily, at least 1 x 10^9 CFU L. plantarum K014 with 2 g maltodextrin, for 24 weeks
Population

Healthy Malaysian adults aged 18 and over; whole 24-week intervention; maltodextrin placebo in the comparator arm
Safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014 in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial.2026PMID:42124006Permalink
NMN zwitterion — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result
“Regarding lipid indicators, NMN supplementation had no significant effect on HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol, or triglycerides.”
Quoted verbatim from Safety and Metabolism-Related Outcomes of Oral Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

250-2000 mg/day oral across included trials
Population

Adults in randomized controlled trials of oral NMN or NMN-related preparations (including MIB-626) against placebo or no-NMN controls; random-effects pooled analysis
Safety and Metabolism-Related Outcomes of Oral Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2026PMID:42514320Permalink
empagliflozin — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1
“In comparison with control group for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, empagliflozin treatment shows no substantial impact on ALT (SMD=-0.09; 95% CI=-0.37 to 0.18; P=0.50; Figure 4), AST (SMD=-0.26; 95% CI=-0.53 to 0.02; P=0.07; Figure 5), LDL (SMD=-0.31; 95% CI=-0.74 to 0.11; P=0.15; Figure 6) or TG (SMD=-0.17; 95% CI=-0.54 to 0.19; P=0.35; Figure 7).”
Quoted verbatim from Empagliflozin for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

10 mg daily
Population

Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, pooled across randomized trials of empagliflozin 10 mg daily versus placebo
Effect -0.31 standardised mean difference, 95% CI -0.74 to 0.11
Empagliflozin for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.2022PMID:36910362Permalink
curcumin — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1
“However, the pooled effects of curcumin supplementation on LDL, HDL, and TG were not statistically significant regardless of its forms, see Supplementary Appendix S–U.”
Quoted verbatim from An updated meta-analysis of effects of curcumin on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease based on available evidence from Iran and Thailand..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD/NASH); additional (non-liver-enzyme) outcome of the updated meta-analysis, pooled across 11 trials
An updated meta-analysis of effects of curcumin on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease based on available evidence from Iran and Thailand.2023PMID:37037891Permalink
chromium(3+) — no detected effect on
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.FindingNull result
“Six months of chromium supplementation (500 mcg or 1000 mcg) was not associated with any significant changes in glycohemoglobin, weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or urine microalbumin compared with placebo.”
Quoted verbatim from Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus..
Study

crossover
Duration

6 months
Dose

chromium picolinate 500 mcg or 1000 mcg daily
Population

Adults with impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or metabolic syndrome, without diabetes; modified cross-over, 6 months of chromium picolinate versus placebo
Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus.2011PMID:20634174Industry fundedPermalink
L-arginine — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result
“Compared with the Placebo groups, there was no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) after L-Arginine treatment.”
Quoted verbatim from Effect of L-Arginine supplementation on lipid profiles and inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

humans
Effect of L-Arginine supplementation on lipid profiles and inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.2019PMID:31442577Permalink
magnesium(2+) — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1
“Magnesium supplementation increased on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels [0.08 mmol/l (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.14); P for heterogeneity = 0.36] but had no effect on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

15 mmol/day (360 mg/day) oral magnesium, median
Population

Adults with type 2 diabetes in randomized double-blind controlled trials of oral magnesium supplementation
Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials.2006PMID:16978367Permalink
coenzyme Q10 — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1
“In addition, CoQ10, alone or in combination with fenofibrate, did not alter LDL-C, HDL-C and blood pressure.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic profile in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

patients with diabetes; pooled across CoQ10 monotherapy and CoQ10 plus fenofibrate trials
Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic profile in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.2015PMID:25913756Permalink
coenzyme Q10 — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1
“The pooled results indicated that CoQ10 supplementation had no effects on total cholesterol, or LDL-cholesterol, or on HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides.”
Quoted verbatim from A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD); meta-analysis of 12 studies (17 publications)
A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease.2022PMID:33782820Permalink
astaxanthin — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result
“Current study revealed that astaxanthin consumption was not associated with FBS, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, TG, BMI, BW, DBP, and SBP.”
Quoted verbatim from The effects of astaxanthin supplementation on obesity, blood pressure, CRP, glycemic biomarkers, and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

adults; meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of astaxanthin supplementation (14 studies)
The effects of astaxanthin supplementation on obesity, blood pressure, CRP, glycemic biomarkers, and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.2020PMID:32755613Permalink
curcumin — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1
“However, curcuminoids were not found to affect serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p > 0.05).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: a randomized crossover trial..
Study

crossover
Duration

4 weeks
Dose

1 g/day for 30 days
Population

obese individuals
Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: a randomized crossover trial.2013PMID:22610853Permalink
magnesium(2+) — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1
“HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower after magnesium compared with placebo (1.14±0.08 vs 1.20±0.09 mmol/l, p=0.026), but no effect on total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides was found (Table 2).”
Quoted verbatim from Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial..
Study

crossover
Participants

14
Duration

6 weeks
Dose

15 mmol magnesium per day (360 mg) as magnesium gluconate liquid, 50 ml three times daily, for 6 weeks
Population

Adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and serum magnesium at or below 0.79 mmol/l, 14 participants
Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial.2024PMID:37922013Permalink
crocin-1 — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result
“Crocin supplements did not have any significant effect on serum TG (p = 0.144) levels, LDL-C (p = 0.161), and HDL-C (p = 0.872) levels.”
Quoted verbatim from The effect of crocin supplementation on lipid concentrations and fasting blood glucose: A systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

Participants in eight clinical trials of crocin supplementation (nine effect sizes), pooled
The effect of crocin supplementation on lipid concentrations and fasting blood glucose: A systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.2020PMID:32951748Permalink
α-tocopherol — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result
“The pooled analysis of 12 RCTs showed that vitamin E in patients with MASLD significantly reduced TG (-12.74 mg/dL, 95% CI: [-22.78, -2.70], p = 0.013), whereas no significant change was observed in TC (-2.11 mg/dL, 95% CI: [-4.89, 0.67], p = 0.137) and LDL-C (-5.32 mg/dL, 95% CI: [-11.15, 0.51], p = 0.074), HDL-C levels (0.23 mg/dL, 95% CI: [-0.48, 0.94], p = 0.527), and BMI (0.36 kg/m2, 95% CI: [-0.86, 1.58], p = 0.563).”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy of Vitamin E on Lipid Profile in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

Adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); pooled analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials
Efficacy of Vitamin E on Lipid Profile in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2026PMID:42092748Permalink

How it is measured

Serum or plasma low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, by direct homogeneous clinical assay or by calculation. The derivation is recorded with each finding.

Measured, not recorded

Subject: ldl cholesterol
Measurements: 105 measurements
Recorded as a finding: No

Show what was measured

LDL cholesterol
no effect, n = 118
Serum TG and LDL-C changes did not show any significant difference between the study groups (p>0.05).
PMID:28735818 · both readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
had no effect on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride
PMID:16978367 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
The effects of curcumin on total cholesterol level and LDL cholesterol level, there was a trend that the lower the dose of curcumin, the higher the effect of reduction.
PMID:19151449 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Compared with placebo, DHA raised LDL 7.23 mg/dL (95% CI, 3.98–10.5) whereas EPA non-significantly reduced LDL
PMID:21975919 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
In direct comparison studies, DHA raised LDL 4.63 mg/dL (95% CI, 2.15–7.10) more than EPA
PMID:21975919 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
Compared with placebo, DHA raised LDL 7.23 mg/dL (95% CI, 3.98–10.5) whereas EPA non-significantly reduced LDL
PMID:21975919 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases, p = 0.08
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 24 | 1.5 (0.70) | 22 | 1.5 (0.61) | 12 | 2.3 (0.73) | 13 | 1.6 (0.64) |.080 |.040 | 1.000
PMID:22237883 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
LDL (mg/dL) | 23.54 | ± | 3.10 | 36.34* | ± | 3.42 | 42.80 | ± | 2.63 | 60.89**§§ | ± | 2.41
PMID:22509243 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.02, n = 46
LDL (mmol/L) | 3.44 ± 1.03 | 3.80 ± 1.19 | NS | 3.02 ± 0.96* | 3.71 ± 1.12 | 0.02
PMID:22581111 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.035, n = 23
LDL (p = 0.035), glucose (p = 0.043), Fe (p = 0.048), and significant increase in HDL (p = 0.044), TAS (p = 0.036), Zn (p = 0.037), and Mg (p = 0.047)
PMID:22581111 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6 | 1909 | 0 | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08)
PMID:23558163 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, the principal protein of the LDL fraction, decreased significantly while the subjects were ingesting chromium picolinate
PMID:2408233 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.59, n = 41
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 149±32 | 125±36 * | 149±33 | 122±37 * | 0.005 | 0.59
PMID:25148829 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.028
significantly decreased LDL cholesterol (mean difference = -0.231; 95% CI -0.438, -0.024; P = 0.028)
PMID:25379623 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.002
a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol (mean difference = -0.218; 95% CI -0.358, -0.077; P = 0.002)
PMID:25379623 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Low-density cholesterol (LDL, mg/dl) | 129.5 ± 15.6 | 115.9 ± 7.8 | NS | 90.3 ± 5.2 | 94.3 ± 5.7 | NS | 114.8 ± 7.1 | 110.6 ± 6.9 | NS | NS
PMID:26321469 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.24
LDL cholesterol (g/L) | 1.5±0.4 | 1.45±0.3 | 0.41 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.4±0.5 | 0.40 | 0.24
PMID:26406981 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Sex hormone binding globulin, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, total triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased after berberine treatment in the normal weight group only
PMID:26645811 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
Although EPA/docosahexaenoic acid formulations did lower triglyceride levels, an increase in low-density lipoproteins was observed and outcome data were mixed.
PMID:26825470 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.0001, n = 936
Compared with placebo, 1-y supplementation with GTE capsules resulted in a significant reduction in circulating TC (-2.1% compared with 0.7%; P = 0.0004), LDL cholesterol (-4.1% compared with 0.9%; P < 0.0001) and non-HDL cholesterol (-3.1% compared with 0.4%; P = 0.0032)
PMID:27806972 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.013
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD = -10.668 mg dL-1 , 95% CI = -19.108, -2.228, P = 0.013)
PMID:28150351 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.05
low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholestero (-27.8%, p < 0.05)
PMID:28178209 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, lowers plasma triglyceride levels without raising low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and has potential beneficial effects on atherosclerotic plaques.
PMID:28263852 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.150 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.058-0.243)
PMID:28675488 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.91
SMD 0.02, 95% CI, −0.30 to 0.33, P =.91
PMID:30313075 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
EPA, a component of fish oil, reduces triglyceride levels without increasing LDL cholesterol.
PMID:31038369 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.017
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.017)
PMID:31168845 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
there was no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) after L-Arginine treatment
PMID:31442577 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 127.5±11.8 | 121.9±9.7^ | 116.7±9.1° | 129.8±12.4 | 144.9±19.1* | 162.1±25.7**
PMID:31695332 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 127.5±11.8 | 121.9±9.7^ | 116.7±9.1° | 129.8±12.4 | 144.9±19.1* | 162.1±25.7**
PMID:31695332 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 127.5±11.8 | 121.9±9.7^ | 116.7±9.1° | 129.8±12.4 | 144.9±19.1* | 162.1±25.7**
PMID:31695332 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.0239
Low Density Lipoprotien-cholesterol (LDL-c) and Total cholesterol (TC) levels significantly improved in group B versus baseline (p = 0.0239,0.0166 respectively)
PMID:31987106 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD 0.130 mmol l-1; 95% CI 0.006, 0.253)
PMID:32175534 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
there were no significant differences between lycopene intervention and control groups for blood pressure and lipids (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides)
PMID:32652029 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Short-duration supplementation benefited only TGs, while long-duration supplementation was beneficial for TGs, TC, and LDL cholesterol
PMID:32722790 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
The effect of dose on the CVD risk factors was similar, with low-dose zinc supplementation showing significant, beneficial effects for TGs, TC, and LDL cholesterol
PMID:32722790 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.021
The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in curcumin-treated patients when compared to the placebo, with no statistical heterogeneity: −0.28 (−0.52; −0.04) p = 0.021, I2 0.00 (Table 2,.
PMID:33514002 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
LDL-C (WMD = 0.26 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.15, 0.38 mmol/L)
PMID:34229258 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = -0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.25, -0.01 mmol/L)
PMID:34229258 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
LDL cholesterol (p = 0.001)
PMID:34959992 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
There was a significant decrease following RSV administration in WC with an SMD of –0.36 (95% CI: –0.59 to –0.14; P = 0.002; I2 = 88%), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): –0.48 (–0.69 to –0.2; P ≤ 0.001; I2 = 94%), TC: –0.15 (–0.3 to –0.01; P = 0.003; I2 = 94%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): –0.42 (–0.57 to –0.27; P ≤ 0.001; I2 = 92%), and HDL-C:0.16 (–0.31 to –0.02; P = 0.03; I2 = 81%).
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, n = 8
LDL-C | Type of disease | 8 | Obesity | –0.24 | [–0.44, –0.04] | 89 | 81.3
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, n = 5
5 | Other | –0.49 | [–0.75, –0.23] | 92
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL-C | –0.51 [–0.66, –0.35] | | –0.30 [–0.46, –0.15] |
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL-C | –0.51 [–0.66, –0.35] | | –0.30 [–0.46, –0.15] |
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, n = 2
2 | T2DM | –1.06 | [–1.52, –0.61] | 98
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
p = 0.36
LDL-c, mg/dL | 95.86 ± 34.2 | 105.13 ± 48.7 | 0.36
PMID:35538431 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases, p = 0.07
LDL cholesterol (a derivative of VLDL cholesterol) tended to be elevated in the choline intervention (vs. control) group (main effect of intervention; P = 0.07).
PMID:35575618 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) | 3.5 (2.9–4.1) | <.001
PMID:35585781 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
MD, 0.25 mmol/L; CI: −0.17 to 0.67
PMID:36008064 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
MD, 0.14 mmol/L; CI: −0.17 to 0.45
PMID:36008064 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.05
significant decrease in FBG, insulin, HbA1c, HOMO-IR, LDL-c, TG, VLDL, CHOL, LDL-c.HDL-c ratio, AIP, IL-6, and MDA and a significant increase in HDL-c, QUICKI index, BDNF, and TAC compared with the initial value (p for all <.05)
PMID:36101997 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
p = 0.0001
Not recorded as a finding: Between-group sentence names LDL and reports significance among all groups but has no direction word inside it; the adjacent sentence with a direction word ('decreased') is a within-group statement.
Differences in LDL after 12 weeks of training were significant among all groups (p = 0.0001) except for differences between the TG and TSG (p = 0.39) (Table 2).
PMID:36678157 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
Not recorded as a finding: One-sided negation ('does not significantly improve') does not establish no_effect (rule 1a).
This meta-analysis showed that selenium supplementation has a positive effect on TAC, and supplementation of selenium does not significantly improve the level of BMI, Weight, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides, Total Testosterone, HOMA-IR, NO, GSH, MDA and FPG.
PMID:36740666 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
supplementation of selenium does not significantly improve the level of BMI, Weight, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides, Total Testosterone, HOMA-IR, NO, GSH, MDA and FPG
PMID:36740666 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.14
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD, 0.69; 95% CI, -0.23 to 1.60; p = 0.14; I2 = 96%)
PMID:36805484 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Berberine plus statins significantly reduced TC, TG, LDL-C, NIHSS score, hs-CRP, TNF-α, IMT, Crouse score, and number of unstable plaques levels than routine or statins
PMID:36805484 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, n = 1447
Berberine reduced LDL cholesterol (- 0.46 mmol/L, 95% CI - 0.62 to - 0.30, 14 studies, n = 1447)
PMID:36941490 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL (MD -14.98 mg/dL [95%CI: -20.67 to -9.28])
PMID:37183391 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL (MD -18.79 mg/dL [95%CI: -28.03 to -9.54])
PMID:37183391 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL (MD -30.82 mg/dL [95%CI: -56.48 to -5.16])
PMID:37183391 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
LDL (MD -9.26 mg/dL [95%CI: -20.31 to 1.78])
PMID:37183391 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
hypoxic inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α), cysteine protease-3 (Caspase-3), the national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
PMID:37421347 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
a significant reduction in serum concentrations of LDL was observed following zinc supplementation (WMD: −6.18; 95% CI: −9.35, −3.02; P < 0.001)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
−7.56 mg/dL (95% CI: 11.48, −3.65)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
−5.16 mg/dL (95% CI: −7.24, −3.07)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.006
>100 mg/d elemental zinc supplementation and serum LDL (WMD: −10, Pnonlinearity = 0.006)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.07
<12 wk of zinc supplementation and serum LDL (WMD: −5, Pnonlinearity = 0.07)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Pravastatin 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 21.7% to 31.9%, total cholesterol by 16.1% to 23.3%,and triglycerides by 5.8% to 20.0%
PMID:37721222 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.627, n = 14
LDL, mmol/la | 2.1±0.2 | 2.1± 0.2 | 0.627
PMID:37922013 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.73
LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL b | 100.2 ± 24.4 | 99.3 ± 30.5 | 0.73
PMID:38110301 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, SMD=-0.34, 95% CI -0.73 to 0.04, p = 0.08
Both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mmol/L) (SMD=-0.34, 95%CI [-0.73, 0.04], P=0.08) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mmol/L) (SMD=0.31, 95%CI [-0.60, 1.22], P=0.51) showed no difference compared to the GKB and control groups.
PMID:38264278 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
LDL (WMD: −0⋅97 mg/dl, 95 % CI: −7⋅42, 5⋅48, P = 0⋅768)
PMID:38282652 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
There were no significant changes in TC and LDL
PMID:38317191 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.07
LDL-C (MD = −0.10; 95% CI: −0.20, 0.01; peffect = 0.07)
PMID:38542695 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.11
the subjects experienced reduced homocysteine levels (p = 0.0282; 13%), as well as reductions in LDL-C (p = 0.110; 7%) and TC (p = 0.078; 3%)
PMID:39408252 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL Cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.628, n = 15
(mg/dL) | AX | 15 | 127.7 ± 28.3 | 140.5 ± 30.3† | 134.1 ± 8.6 | G x T | 0.628 | 0.008
PMID:39568140 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL Cholesterol
increases, n = 15
LDL Cholesterol | PLA | 15 | 134.0 ± 35.6 | 145.7 ± 38.5† | 139.9 ± 8.6 | T | 0.000 | 0.819
PMID:39568140 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.41
(SMD: −0.15, 95% CI: −0.51 to 0.21, p = 0.41)
PMID:39723101 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.02
(SMD: −0.50, 95% CI: −0.92 to −0.07, p = 0.02)
PMID:39723101 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, 34.50±3.11
Notably, cholesterol (49.00±6.48), triglycerides (47.25±2.22), LDL (34.50±3.11), uric acid (4.90±0.22), urea (46.00±0.82), creatinine (0.35±0.03), blood glucose (193.00±11.20), and weight gain (77.75±2.06) were lower.
PMID:40292062 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Notably, cholesterol (49.00±6.48), triglycerides (47.25±2.22), LDL (34.50±3.11), uric acid (4.90±0.22), urea (46.00±0.82), creatinine (0.35±0.03), blood glucose (193.00±11.20), and weight gain (77.75±2.06) were lower
PMID:40292062 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.95
LDL | Curcumin | 61.03 ± 21.33 | 57.47 ± 21.30 | 0.03 | − 3.55 ± 9.21 | − 0.23 ± 3.91 (− 8.07, 7.60) | 0.95
PMID:40514680 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.03
LDL | Curcumin | 61.03 ± 21.33 | 57.47 ± 21.30 | 0.03 | − 3.55 ± 9.21 | − 0.23 ± 3.91 (− 8.07, 7.60) | 0.95
PMID:40514680 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.24
Placebo | 67.36 ± 29.43 | 63.46 ± 32.76 | 0.24 | − 3.90 ± 18.85
PMID:40514680 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, WMD -0.13, 95% CI -0.50 to 0.76, p = 0.68
A total of 11 RCTs were pooled in the meta-analysis of LDL levels, which demonstrated no clinical and statistical effect of Mg supplementation on LDL levels (WMD = –0.13, 95% CI: –0.50 to 0.76; P = 0.68) [Supplementary Figure 4D].
PMID:40641714 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, OR = 0.17, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.60, p = 0.459
For LDL, RES shown no significant effect (OR = 0.17, 95% CI [− 0.27, 0.60], p = 0.459) despite substantial heterogeneity (F g. D, I2 = 64.4%, p = 0.015).
PMID:40705097 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 14.2% (P < 0.001)
PMID:40770379 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.15
LDL cholesterol (MD -7.43; 95%CI -17.43 to 2.57; p = 0.15; I2 = 0%)
PMID:41022489 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.85
selenium supplementation could not significantly reduce LDL-C levels in pregnant women with GDM compared to placebo group(P = 0.85, MD = −1.44, 95% CI: −16.36, 13.47)
PMID:41073938 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
SMD -0.30 (95% CI -1.10 to 0.51), p = 0.47, n = 325
Five trials (intervention: n = 162; control: n = 163) also assessed LDL-C, with a pooled SMD of −0.30 (95% CI: −1.10 to 0.51, p = 0.47; I2 = 91%).
PMID:41305552 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, 96 to 78.5 mg/dl, p = 0.002
Not recorded as a finding: the only sentence found is a within-arm (baseline-to-endpoint) change in the MLT group, not the randomised between-group contrast
Serum LDL levels decreased significantly in MLT group from 96(78–183) at baseline to 78.5(48–171) at end of the study with p-value 0.002.
PMID:41565787 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Throughout the 24-week intervention, lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, remained stable and within normal reference ranges in both the placebo and probiotic groups, with no statistically significant differences observed between groups
PMID:42124006 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.05
reaching significance at week 5 (from 143.3 ± 26.08 to 128.3 ± 23.18, 10.5% reduction from the baseline, p = 0.05)
PMID:42197276 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.16
the change at week 9 was not statistically significant (from 143.3 ± 26.08 to 125.3 ± 19.86, 13% reduction from the baseline, p = 0.16)
PMID:42197276 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.13
LDL-cholesterol concentrations did not change significantly in the placebo group at week 5 (from 133.9 ± 32.71 to 119.3 ± 21.22, 11% reduction from the baseline, p = 0.13)
PMID:42197276 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.86
remained unchanged at week 9 (from 133.9 ± 32.71 to 137.0 ± 27.85, 2.3% increase from the baseline, p = 0.86)
PMID:42197276 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.137, n = 46
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 46 | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.8 (1.0) | −0.2 [−0.4 to 0.0] | 0.137
PMID:42420793 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, WMD -3.21 mg/dL, 95% CI -5.27 to -1.15
The meta-analysis revealed that Mg supplementation considerably decreased TG (WMD: −9.24 mg/dL, 95% CI: −16.87 to −1.61) and LDL-C levels (WMD: −3.21 mg/dL, 95% CI: −5.27, −1.15) in comparison with the placebo group.
PMID:42588058 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases, p = 0.0006
Seven studies demonstrated a significant increase in LDL cholesterol with zinc supplementation (MD = 3.46; 95% CI 1.48 to 5.43; p = 0.0006)
PMID:42594341 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.37
Four studies showed no significant differences (MD = 3.19; 95% CI −3.78 to 10.17; p = 0.37
PMID:42594341 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.15
Three studies showed no significant differences (MD = 3.68; 95% CI −1.39 to 8.76; p = 0.15
PMID:42594341 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, β = −9.68 mg/dL (95% CI −23.33 to 3.97), p = 0.17
Total cholesterol: β = −10.92 mg/dL (95% CI −26.30 to 4.47; p = 0.16); LDL cholesterol: β = −9.68 mg/dL (95% CI −23.33 to 3.97; p = 0.17).
PMID:42613905 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.89
LDL | 0.0047 [-0.0615 – 0.0708] | 0.890 | 0.0030 [-0.0311 – 0.0371] | 0.864
PMID:42802824 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.819
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.46 (0.90) | 2.44 (0.99) | 0.819
PMID:42802824 · one of two readings recorded this

Sources cited

41 papers

Subject: ldl cholesterol
Findings: 41
Papers: 41

Compound

Direction

Findings

Strongest evidence

down 2 · no effect 2

down 3 · no effect 1

up 1 · no effect 1

down

no effect

down

all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid

no effect

Curcuma longa

no effect

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

no effect

no effect

down

no effect

no effect

up 1 · down 1

no effect

no effect 2 · down 1

(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate

down

no effect

down

no effect

no effect

down

down

no effect

down

Measured, not recorded

Subject

ldl cholesterol

Measurements

105 measurements

Recorded as a finding

Show what was measured

LDL cholesterol
no effect, n = 118
Serum TG and LDL-C changes did not show any significant difference between the study groups (p>0.05).
PMID:28735818 · both readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
had no effect on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride
PMID:16978367 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
The effects of curcumin on total cholesterol level and LDL cholesterol level, there was a trend that the lower the dose of curcumin, the higher the effect of reduction.
PMID:19151449 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Compared with placebo, DHA raised LDL 7.23 mg/dL (95% CI, 3.98–10.5) whereas EPA non-significantly reduced LDL
PMID:21975919 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
In direct comparison studies, DHA raised LDL 4.63 mg/dL (95% CI, 2.15–7.10) more than EPA
PMID:21975919 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
Compared with placebo, DHA raised LDL 7.23 mg/dL (95% CI, 3.98–10.5) whereas EPA non-significantly reduced LDL
PMID:21975919 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases, p = 0.08
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 24 | 1.5 (0.70) | 22 | 1.5 (0.61) | 12 | 2.3 (0.73) | 13 | 1.6 (0.64) |.080 |.040 | 1.000
PMID:22237883 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
LDL (mg/dL) | 23.54 | ± | 3.10 | 36.34* | ± | 3.42 | 42.80 | ± | 2.63 | 60.89**§§ | ± | 2.41
PMID:22509243 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.02, n = 46
LDL (mmol/L) | 3.44 ± 1.03 | 3.80 ± 1.19 | NS | 3.02 ± 0.96* | 3.71 ± 1.12 | 0.02
PMID:22581111 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.035, n = 23
LDL (p = 0.035), glucose (p = 0.043), Fe (p = 0.048), and significant increase in HDL (p = 0.044), TAS (p = 0.036), Zn (p = 0.037), and Mg (p = 0.047)
PMID:22581111 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6 | 1909 | 0 | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08)
PMID:23558163 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, the principal protein of the LDL fraction, decreased significantly while the subjects were ingesting chromium picolinate
PMID:2408233 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.59, n = 41
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 149±32 | 125±36 * | 149±33 | 122±37 * | 0.005 | 0.59
PMID:25148829 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.028
significantly decreased LDL cholesterol (mean difference = -0.231; 95% CI -0.438, -0.024; P = 0.028)
PMID:25379623 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.002
a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol (mean difference = -0.218; 95% CI -0.358, -0.077; P = 0.002)
PMID:25379623 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Low-density cholesterol (LDL, mg/dl) | 129.5 ± 15.6 | 115.9 ± 7.8 | NS | 90.3 ± 5.2 | 94.3 ± 5.7 | NS | 114.8 ± 7.1 | 110.6 ± 6.9 | NS | NS
PMID:26321469 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.24
LDL cholesterol (g/L) | 1.5±0.4 | 1.45±0.3 | 0.41 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.4±0.5 | 0.40 | 0.24
PMID:26406981 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Sex hormone binding globulin, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, total triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased after berberine treatment in the normal weight group only
PMID:26645811 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
Although EPA/docosahexaenoic acid formulations did lower triglyceride levels, an increase in low-density lipoproteins was observed and outcome data were mixed.
PMID:26825470 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.0001, n = 936
Compared with placebo, 1-y supplementation with GTE capsules resulted in a significant reduction in circulating TC (-2.1% compared with 0.7%; P = 0.0004), LDL cholesterol (-4.1% compared with 0.9%; P < 0.0001) and non-HDL cholesterol (-3.1% compared with 0.4%; P = 0.0032)
PMID:27806972 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.013
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD = -10.668 mg dL-1 , 95% CI = -19.108, -2.228, P = 0.013)
PMID:28150351 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.05
low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholestero (-27.8%, p < 0.05)
PMID:28178209 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, lowers plasma triglyceride levels without raising low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and has potential beneficial effects on atherosclerotic plaques.
PMID:28263852 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.150 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.058-0.243)
PMID:28675488 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.91
SMD 0.02, 95% CI, −0.30 to 0.33, P =.91
PMID:30313075 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
EPA, a component of fish oil, reduces triglyceride levels without increasing LDL cholesterol.
PMID:31038369 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.017
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.017)
PMID:31168845 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
there was no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) after L-Arginine treatment
PMID:31442577 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 127.5±11.8 | 121.9±9.7^ | 116.7±9.1° | 129.8±12.4 | 144.9±19.1* | 162.1±25.7**
PMID:31695332 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 127.5±11.8 | 121.9±9.7^ | 116.7±9.1° | 129.8±12.4 | 144.9±19.1* | 162.1±25.7**
PMID:31695332 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 127.5±11.8 | 121.9±9.7^ | 116.7±9.1° | 129.8±12.4 | 144.9±19.1* | 162.1±25.7**
PMID:31695332 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.0239
Low Density Lipoprotien-cholesterol (LDL-c) and Total cholesterol (TC) levels significantly improved in group B versus baseline (p = 0.0239,0.0166 respectively)
PMID:31987106 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD 0.130 mmol l-1; 95% CI 0.006, 0.253)
PMID:32175534 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
there were no significant differences between lycopene intervention and control groups for blood pressure and lipids (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides)
PMID:32652029 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Short-duration supplementation benefited only TGs, while long-duration supplementation was beneficial for TGs, TC, and LDL cholesterol
PMID:32722790 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
The effect of dose on the CVD risk factors was similar, with low-dose zinc supplementation showing significant, beneficial effects for TGs, TC, and LDL cholesterol
PMID:32722790 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.021
The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in curcumin-treated patients when compared to the placebo, with no statistical heterogeneity: −0.28 (−0.52; −0.04) p = 0.021, I2 0.00 (Table 2,.
PMID:33514002 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases
LDL-C (WMD = 0.26 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.15, 0.38 mmol/L)
PMID:34229258 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = -0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.25, -0.01 mmol/L)
PMID:34229258 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
LDL cholesterol (p = 0.001)
PMID:34959992 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
There was a significant decrease following RSV administration in WC with an SMD of –0.36 (95% CI: –0.59 to –0.14; P = 0.002; I2 = 88%), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): –0.48 (–0.69 to –0.2; P ≤ 0.001; I2 = 94%), TC: –0.15 (–0.3 to –0.01; P = 0.003; I2 = 94%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): –0.42 (–0.57 to –0.27; P ≤ 0.001; I2 = 92%), and HDL-C:0.16 (–0.31 to –0.02; P = 0.03; I2 = 81%).
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, n = 8
LDL-C | Type of disease | 8 | Obesity | –0.24 | [–0.44, –0.04] | 89 | 81.3
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, n = 5
5 | Other | –0.49 | [–0.75, –0.23] | 92
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL-C | –0.51 [–0.66, –0.35] | | –0.30 [–0.46, –0.15] |
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL-C | –0.51 [–0.66, –0.35] | | –0.30 [–0.46, –0.15] |
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, n = 2
2 | T2DM | –1.06 | [–1.52, –0.61] | 98
PMID:35431994 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
p = 0.36
LDL-c, mg/dL | 95.86 ± 34.2 | 105.13 ± 48.7 | 0.36
PMID:35538431 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases, p = 0.07
LDL cholesterol (a derivative of VLDL cholesterol) tended to be elevated in the choline intervention (vs. control) group (main effect of intervention; P = 0.07).
PMID:35575618 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) | 3.5 (2.9–4.1) | <.001
PMID:35585781 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
MD, 0.25 mmol/L; CI: −0.17 to 0.67
PMID:36008064 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
MD, 0.14 mmol/L; CI: −0.17 to 0.45
PMID:36008064 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.05
significant decrease in FBG, insulin, HbA1c, HOMO-IR, LDL-c, TG, VLDL, CHOL, LDL-c.HDL-c ratio, AIP, IL-6, and MDA and a significant increase in HDL-c, QUICKI index, BDNF, and TAC compared with the initial value (p for all <.05)
PMID:36101997 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
p = 0.0001
Not recorded as a finding: Between-group sentence names LDL and reports significance among all groups but has no direction word inside it; the adjacent sentence with a direction word ('decreased') is a within-group statement.
Differences in LDL after 12 weeks of training were significant among all groups (p = 0.0001) except for differences between the TG and TSG (p = 0.39) (Table 2).
PMID:36678157 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
Not recorded as a finding: One-sided negation ('does not significantly improve') does not establish no_effect (rule 1a).
This meta-analysis showed that selenium supplementation has a positive effect on TAC, and supplementation of selenium does not significantly improve the level of BMI, Weight, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides, Total Testosterone, HOMA-IR, NO, GSH, MDA and FPG.
PMID:36740666 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
supplementation of selenium does not significantly improve the level of BMI, Weight, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides, Total Testosterone, HOMA-IR, NO, GSH, MDA and FPG
PMID:36740666 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.14
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD, 0.69; 95% CI, -0.23 to 1.60; p = 0.14; I2 = 96%)
PMID:36805484 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Berberine plus statins significantly reduced TC, TG, LDL-C, NIHSS score, hs-CRP, TNF-α, IMT, Crouse score, and number of unstable plaques levels than routine or statins
PMID:36805484 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, n = 1447
Berberine reduced LDL cholesterol (- 0.46 mmol/L, 95% CI - 0.62 to - 0.30, 14 studies, n = 1447)
PMID:36941490 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL (MD -14.98 mg/dL [95%CI: -20.67 to -9.28])
PMID:37183391 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL (MD -18.79 mg/dL [95%CI: -28.03 to -9.54])
PMID:37183391 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
LDL (MD -30.82 mg/dL [95%CI: -56.48 to -5.16])
PMID:37183391 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
LDL (MD -9.26 mg/dL [95%CI: -20.31 to 1.78])
PMID:37183391 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
hypoxic inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α), cysteine protease-3 (Caspase-3), the national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
PMID:37421347 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
a significant reduction in serum concentrations of LDL was observed following zinc supplementation (WMD: −6.18; 95% CI: −9.35, −3.02; P < 0.001)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
−7.56 mg/dL (95% CI: 11.48, −3.65)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
−5.16 mg/dL (95% CI: −7.24, −3.07)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.006
>100 mg/d elemental zinc supplementation and serum LDL (WMD: −10, Pnonlinearity = 0.006)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.07
<12 wk of zinc supplementation and serum LDL (WMD: −5, Pnonlinearity = 0.07)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Pravastatin 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 21.7% to 31.9%, total cholesterol by 16.1% to 23.3%,and triglycerides by 5.8% to 20.0%
PMID:37721222 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.627, n = 14
LDL, mmol/la | 2.1±0.2 | 2.1± 0.2 | 0.627
PMID:37922013 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.73
LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL b | 100.2 ± 24.4 | 99.3 ± 30.5 | 0.73
PMID:38110301 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, SMD=-0.34, 95% CI -0.73 to 0.04, p = 0.08
Both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mmol/L) (SMD=-0.34, 95%CI [-0.73, 0.04], P=0.08) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mmol/L) (SMD=0.31, 95%CI [-0.60, 1.22], P=0.51) showed no difference compared to the GKB and control groups.
PMID:38264278 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
LDL (WMD: −0⋅97 mg/dl, 95 % CI: −7⋅42, 5⋅48, P = 0⋅768)
PMID:38282652 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
There were no significant changes in TC and LDL
PMID:38317191 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.07
LDL-C (MD = −0.10; 95% CI: −0.20, 0.01; peffect = 0.07)
PMID:38542695 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.11
the subjects experienced reduced homocysteine levels (p = 0.0282; 13%), as well as reductions in LDL-C (p = 0.110; 7%) and TC (p = 0.078; 3%)
PMID:39408252 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL Cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.628, n = 15
(mg/dL) | AX | 15 | 127.7 ± 28.3 | 140.5 ± 30.3† | 134.1 ± 8.6 | G x T | 0.628 | 0.008
PMID:39568140 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL Cholesterol
increases, n = 15
LDL Cholesterol | PLA | 15 | 134.0 ± 35.6 | 145.7 ± 38.5† | 139.9 ± 8.6 | T | 0.000 | 0.819
PMID:39568140 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.41
(SMD: −0.15, 95% CI: −0.51 to 0.21, p = 0.41)
PMID:39723101 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.02
(SMD: −0.50, 95% CI: −0.92 to −0.07, p = 0.02)
PMID:39723101 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, 34.50±3.11
Notably, cholesterol (49.00±6.48), triglycerides (47.25±2.22), LDL (34.50±3.11), uric acid (4.90±0.22), urea (46.00±0.82), creatinine (0.35±0.03), blood glucose (193.00±11.20), and weight gain (77.75±2.06) were lower.
PMID:40292062 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases
Notably, cholesterol (49.00±6.48), triglycerides (47.25±2.22), LDL (34.50±3.11), uric acid (4.90±0.22), urea (46.00±0.82), creatinine (0.35±0.03), blood glucose (193.00±11.20), and weight gain (77.75±2.06) were lower
PMID:40292062 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.95
LDL | Curcumin | 61.03 ± 21.33 | 57.47 ± 21.30 | 0.03 | − 3.55 ± 9.21 | − 0.23 ± 3.91 (− 8.07, 7.60) | 0.95
PMID:40514680 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.03
LDL | Curcumin | 61.03 ± 21.33 | 57.47 ± 21.30 | 0.03 | − 3.55 ± 9.21 | − 0.23 ± 3.91 (− 8.07, 7.60) | 0.95
PMID:40514680 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.24
Placebo | 67.36 ± 29.43 | 63.46 ± 32.76 | 0.24 | − 3.90 ± 18.85
PMID:40514680 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, WMD -0.13, 95% CI -0.50 to 0.76, p = 0.68
A total of 11 RCTs were pooled in the meta-analysis of LDL levels, which demonstrated no clinical and statistical effect of Mg supplementation on LDL levels (WMD = –0.13, 95% CI: –0.50 to 0.76; P = 0.68) [Supplementary Figure 4D].
PMID:40641714 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, OR = 0.17, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.60, p = 0.459
For LDL, RES shown no significant effect (OR = 0.17, 95% CI [− 0.27, 0.60], p = 0.459) despite substantial heterogeneity (F g. D, I2 = 64.4%, p = 0.015).
PMID:40705097 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.001
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 14.2% (P < 0.001)
PMID:40770379 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.15
LDL cholesterol (MD -7.43; 95%CI -17.43 to 2.57; p = 0.15; I2 = 0%)
PMID:41022489 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.85
selenium supplementation could not significantly reduce LDL-C levels in pregnant women with GDM compared to placebo group(P = 0.85, MD = −1.44, 95% CI: −16.36, 13.47)
PMID:41073938 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
SMD -0.30 (95% CI -1.10 to 0.51), p = 0.47, n = 325
Five trials (intervention: n = 162; control: n = 163) also assessed LDL-C, with a pooled SMD of −0.30 (95% CI: −1.10 to 0.51, p = 0.47; I2 = 91%).
PMID:41305552 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, 96 to 78.5 mg/dl, p = 0.002
Not recorded as a finding: the only sentence found is a within-arm (baseline-to-endpoint) change in the MLT group, not the randomised between-group contrast
Serum LDL levels decreased significantly in MLT group from 96(78–183) at baseline to 78.5(48–171) at end of the study with p-value 0.002.
PMID:41565787 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect
Throughout the 24-week intervention, lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, remained stable and within normal reference ranges in both the placebo and probiotic groups, with no statistically significant differences observed between groups
PMID:42124006 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, p = 0.05
reaching significance at week 5 (from 143.3 ± 26.08 to 128.3 ± 23.18, 10.5% reduction from the baseline, p = 0.05)
PMID:42197276 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.16
the change at week 9 was not statistically significant (from 143.3 ± 26.08 to 125.3 ± 19.86, 13% reduction from the baseline, p = 0.16)
PMID:42197276 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.13
LDL-cholesterol concentrations did not change significantly in the placebo group at week 5 (from 133.9 ± 32.71 to 119.3 ± 21.22, 11% reduction from the baseline, p = 0.13)
PMID:42197276 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.86
remained unchanged at week 9 (from 133.9 ± 32.71 to 137.0 ± 27.85, 2.3% increase from the baseline, p = 0.86)
PMID:42197276 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.137, n = 46
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 46 | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.8 (1.0) | −0.2 [−0.4 to 0.0] | 0.137
PMID:42420793 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, WMD -3.21 mg/dL, 95% CI -5.27 to -1.15
The meta-analysis revealed that Mg supplementation considerably decreased TG (WMD: −9.24 mg/dL, 95% CI: −16.87 to −1.61) and LDL-C levels (WMD: −3.21 mg/dL, 95% CI: −5.27, −1.15) in comparison with the placebo group.
PMID:42588058 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
increases, p = 0.0006
Seven studies demonstrated a significant increase in LDL cholesterol with zinc supplementation (MD = 3.46; 95% CI 1.48 to 5.43; p = 0.0006)
PMID:42594341 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.37
Four studies showed no significant differences (MD = 3.19; 95% CI −3.78 to 10.17; p = 0.37
PMID:42594341 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.15
Three studies showed no significant differences (MD = 3.68; 95% CI −1.39 to 8.76; p = 0.15
PMID:42594341 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
decreases, β = −9.68 mg/dL (95% CI −23.33 to 3.97), p = 0.17
Total cholesterol: β = −10.92 mg/dL (95% CI −26.30 to 4.47; p = 0.16); LDL cholesterol: β = −9.68 mg/dL (95% CI −23.33 to 3.97; p = 0.17).
PMID:42613905 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.89
LDL | 0.0047 [-0.0615 – 0.0708] | 0.890 | 0.0030 [-0.0311 – 0.0371] | 0.864
PMID:42802824 · one of two readings recorded this
LDL cholesterol
no effect, p = 0.819
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.46 (0.90) | 2.44 (0.99) | 0.819
PMID:42802824 · one of two readings recorded this