2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid

Three steps

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 15 morecytosol

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  3. transport of leucine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 17 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  3. transport of leucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  3. Transport of L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-alanineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  3. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  3. transport of asparagine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  3. transport of leucine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. L-ornithine + glyoxylate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol

• (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol

• xanthurenateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol

• (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol

• 3-methylmalateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 16 morecytosol

• thiamine(1+) diphosphateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction
  2. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate)
  3. lipoamide to S-(3-methylbutanoyl)... conversion

  Catalysed by SDR42E2, AKR1B15, AKR1B10, ADH5 and 17 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix