betaine aldehyde

Three steps

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. L-homocysteine + glycine betaine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine
  3. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + N,N-dimethylglycine + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + sarcosine + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, DMGDHcytosol

• O-acetyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. (R)-carnitine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CRATcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Guanidinoacetic Acid

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular space

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of methionine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC6A12, SLC6A6, SLC6A14cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-alanineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of alanine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of asparagine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of methionine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2cytosol

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2, MSRAcytosol

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2, MSRB3 and 2 morecytosol

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CPT2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CPT2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CPT2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CPT2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CPT2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CPT2, CRAT and 1 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-hexanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. hexanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-hexanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CRATcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-3-oxobutanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  3. acetoacetyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-3-oxobutanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH7A1, SLC22A5, CRATcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane