alpha-D-galactose

Three steps

• beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, B4GALT3 and 3 morecytosol

• GDP-alpha-D-glucoseReach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. GDP-alpha-D-glucose + phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, GDPGP1cytosol

• a globoside GalGb4Cer (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. a globoside Gb4Cer (d18:1(4E)) + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = a globoside GalGb4Cer (d18:1(4E)) + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, B3GALT5cytosol

• UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamineReach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine(out) + UDP-alpha-D-galactose(in) = UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine(in) + UDP-alpha-D-galactose(out)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, SLC35A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• a ganglioside GM2 (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
  1. beta-galactosidase (galactose)
  2. beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase (LacCer pool)
  3. lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, B4GALNT1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• a ganglioside GM1 (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
  3. beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GM2)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, B3GALT4cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a ganglioside GD3 (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
  1. beta-galactosidase (galactose)
  2. ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  3. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, ST3GAL5 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• a neolactoside IV(3)-beta-[Gal-beta-(1->3)-GlcNAc]-nLc4Cer(d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. a neolactoside IV(3)-beta-GlcNAc-nLc4Cer(d18:1(4E)) + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = a neolactoside IV(3)-beta-[Gal-beta-(1->3)-GlcNAc]-nLc4Cer(d18:1(4E)) + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, B3GALT2cytosol

• a beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramideReach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. a beta-D-glucosylceramide + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = a beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, B4GALT3 and 1 morecytosol

• a ganglioside GM1Reach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. a ganglioside GM2 + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = a ganglioside GM1 + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, B3GALT4cytosol

• N-(2-hydroxy-hexanoyl)-beta-D-galactosyl-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. N-(2-hydroxy-hexanoyl)-sphing-4-enine + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = N-(2-hydroxy-hexanoyl)-beta-D-galactosyl-sphing-4-enine + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, UGT8cytosol

• N-(2-hydroxyhexanoyl)-beta-D-galactosylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. N-(2-hydroxy-hexanoyl)-sphinganine + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = N-(2-hydroxyhexanoyl)-beta-D-galactosylsphinganine + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, UGT8cytosol

• a ganglioside GD1b (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
  3. beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GD2)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, B3GALT4cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a globoside Gb3CerReach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. a beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = a globoside Gb3Cer + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, A4GALTcytosol

• a neolactoside nLc6CerReach from here →
  1. galactokinase (galactose)
  2. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
  3. a neolactoside IV(3)-beta-GlcNAc-nLc4Cer + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = a neolactoside nLc6Cer + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GALK1, GALK2, GALT, B4GALT3 and 1 morecytosol