L-homocarnosine

Three steps

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, MSRAcytosol, extracellular space

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, MSRB3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, GATM, AGXT2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GLYATL2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, PPCScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, TPOcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC1A4cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, CDO1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GGTLC3 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, MOCOScytosol, extracellular space

• (2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• thio-Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, MOCOScytosol, extracellular space

• glycodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glycodeoxycholate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-tetradecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-tetradecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GLYATL2cytosol, extracellular space

• N-eicosanoylglycinateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-eicosanoylglycinate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular space

• N-docosanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-docosanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular space

• N-hexacosanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexacosanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular space

• an N(2)-acyl-L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glutamine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + L-glutamine = an N(2)-acyl-L-glutamine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GLYATL1B and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space