Catalyst

Reference

Evidence

CompoundsSubstances with curated findings
OutcomesMeasured endpoints
ProteinsTransporters and enzymes
InteractionsPairs that share biology
PapersEvery paper a finding cites
ArticlesReadings of the evidence

Chemistry

ReactionsRhea and Human-GEM, by subsystem
ReachWhat a compound can become

Reference layer

PathwaysReactions grouped under one name
ProcessesWhat proteins are annotated as doing
AnatomyTissues, by what is expressed there
Cell typesCells, by what is expressed there
OrganismsSpecies a compound is prepared from
MaterialsSubstances that are not one molecule
AssessmentsRegulatory determinations, transcribed
DiseasesFeatures, genes, and where each sits

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Search the graph

Search ?

Reference

Evidence

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Interactions
Papers
Articles

Chemistry

Reactions
Reach

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Loading the page.

Catalyst

Computational infrastructure for human biology, built on a provenance-aware knowledge graph. Findings retain their sources; research and simulation are the next layers.

The graph

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Atlas
Interactions
Papers
Articles
Graph
Search

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases
Reactions
Reach

How it works

Mission
Method
Twin
How to read the evidence
Sources and licences

Build on it

Access
In your assistant
For agents
Query the graph
Bulk export

A reference for what the literature reports. Not medical advice.

Reach

CHEBI:15477

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

565 compounds within 3 steps: 3 in 1, 108 in 2, 454 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

(13Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((13Z)-eicosenoic acid)
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes
4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, CRAT and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes
tetradecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16Dc->C14Dc), Peroxisomal
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ACAA1 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, peroxisome
hexadecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. Production of Hexadecanedioylcarnitine
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, CPT1A and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes
pristanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. fatty-acid-CoA ligase
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes
undecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (undecylic acid)
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ACSM4 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes
(5Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (physeteric acid)
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes
(3E)-decenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:1->C10:1), Mitochondrial
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ACADM and 3 moremitochondrial matrix
(2R,6)-dimethylheptanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxo-4(R),8-dimethyl-nonanoyl-CoA)
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, HADHA and 2 moremitochondrial matrix
(7Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (7-palmitoleic acid)
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes
tricosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (tricosanoic acid)
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

Three steps

N(omega)-methyl-L-arginineReach from here →
Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes
AReach from here →

Page 3 of 12

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, NAGS and 1 more

mitochondrial matrix

(5E)-tetradecenoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((9E)-tetradecenoyl-CoA)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, CPT1A and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

S-butanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
butanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-butanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ACSM4 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

S-octanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
octanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-octanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, CROT and 3 moremitochondrial matrix

decanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
decanoyl-CoA + H2O = decanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ACSM4 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

S-dodecanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
dodecanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-dodecanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

tetradecanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
tetradecanoyl-CoA + H2O = tetradecanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

an acyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
an acyl-CoA + H2O = an acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ASAH1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

tauroursodeoxycholateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
taurine to tauroursodeoxycholate conversion

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, BAATmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

glycoursodeoxycholateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine to glycoursodeoxycholate conversion

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

leukotriene F4Reach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
leukotriene F4 hydrolysis

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ZDHHC11B and 31 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathioneReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
transport of leukotriene E4 (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ZDHHC11B and 32 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
(9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, GLYATL3mitochondrial matrix

N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
(9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoAReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
octanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, CROT and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoAReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
decanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, ACSM4 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
dodecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
tetradecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
11-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
9-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
13-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
all-trans-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

tetradecyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
tetradecan-1-ol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = tetradecyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, GLYATL3mitochondrial matrix

N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

N-decanoylglycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

N-octanoylglycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, GARTmitochondrial matrix

L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, DPEP1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
a sphingoid base + octadecanoyl-CoA = an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, DPEP1mitochondrial matrix

an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrix

1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA = 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, SLC27A2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →

glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)
(7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + cholesterol = cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoate + CoA

Catalysed by GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1, CPT1A and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol