butyric acid

Three steps

• (7Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (7-palmitoleic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 13 morecytosolOne of 8 routes

• tricosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (tricosanoic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 13 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• thromboxane B2Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. thromboxane B2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = thromboxane B2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• thiamine(1+) diphosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
  3. 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine-diphosphate[m] + lipoamide[m] = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide[m] + thiamin-PP[m]

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix