fumaric acid

Three steps

• (13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. transport of fumarate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. (13S)-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + 2 glutathione = (13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, TSTD1, GPX1, GSTA1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• taurochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. transport of fumarate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. taurochenodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = taurochenodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC25A10, TSTD1, ABCC4mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  2. (S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
  3. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by FH, ME2, ME3, PDHA1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix