Endpoint
Reduced glutathione concentration
A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.
CAT:outcome/reduced-glutathionereported in micromol/L4 findings from 4 compounds
What moved it
How to read these marks4 findings · 4 compounds · 2 null · by evidence strength
| Compound | Direction | Findings | Strongest evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| L-cysteine | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| coenzyme Q10 | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| melatonin | up | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| sodium benzoate | up | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
Reported to move it
2 findings
sodium benzoate — increases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“As a result, six-week treatment of sodium benzoate was linked to increased GSH levels than placebo.”
Quoted verbatim from Sodium benzoate treatment linked to increased glutathione levels and improved positive and negative symptoms, global function, and quality of life in patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Population
- Patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia on add-on treatment; plasma GSH, baseline to endpoint
Sodium benzoate treatment linked to increased glutathione levels and improved positive and negative symptoms, global function, and quality of life in patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.2026PMID:41401723Permalink
melatonin — increases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“Levels of reduced glutathione, total bilirubin, and uric acid increased in TMG comparatively with TPG (all: p < 0.001) and MG (p = 0.002; p = 0.0002; p < 0.001, respectively).”
Quoted verbatim from Benefits of 12-week self-paced training combined with melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and body composition in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized controlled trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 3 mg/night
- Population
- patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS); training + melatonin (TMG) vs training + placebo (TPG), both arms also received concurrent aerobic-resistance training
Benefits of 12-week self-paced training combined with melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and body composition in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized controlled trial.2026PMID:42217742Permalink
Measured, no effect detected
2 findings
L-cysteine — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“The CYS and ISO group means were not different for total glutathione, GSH, and GSH:GSSG, neither at enrollment nor infusion day (Table 2).”
Quoted verbatim from Effect of High-Dose Cysteine Supplementation on Erythrocyte Glutathione: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study in Critically Ill Neonates.. - Study
- RCT
- Dose
- cysteine-HCl 121 mg/kg/day in parenteral nutrition with sodium acetate 2 mEq/kg/day
- Population
- Critically ill neonates on mechanical ventilation and parenteral nutrition (SNAP > 10); intracellular erythrocyte GSH at enrollment and on infusion day, about study day 7; comparator is isonitrogenous additional parenteral amino acids without cysteine
Effect of High-Dose Cysteine Supplementation on Erythrocyte Glutathione: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study in Critically Ill Neonates.2016PMID:25139979Permalink
coenzyme Q10 — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“However, there were no significant effects of CoQ10 on NO, GSH concentrations, or CAT activity.”
Quoted verbatim from Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and oxidative stress parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- participants in randomized clinical trials of CoQ10 supplementation
Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and oxidative stress parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.2020PMID:32583356Permalink
How it is measured
Reduced glutathione concentration in erythrocytes, whole blood or plasma, by enzymatic recycling assay or by chromatography with the method recorded with each finding.
Sources cited
4 papers
- Subject
- reduced glutathione concentration
- Findings
- 4
- Papers
- 4
Benefits of 12-week self-paced training combined with melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and body composition in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized controlled trial.record2026PMID:422177421 finding
Sodium benzoate treatment linked to increased glutathione levels and improved positive and negative symptoms, global function, and quality of life in patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.record2026PMID:414017231 finding
Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and oxidative stress parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.record2020PMID:325833561 finding
Effect of High-Dose Cysteine Supplementation on Erythrocyte Glutathione: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study in Critically Ill Neonates.record2016PMID:251399791 finding