Endpoint
Incidence of cardiovascular disease (composite)
CAT:outcome/cardiovascular-disease-incidence-compositereported in relative risk4 findings from 4 compounds
What moved it
How to read these marks4 findings · 4 compounds · 4 null · by evidence strength
| Compound | Direction | Findings | Strongest evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| choline | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| L-ascorbic acid | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| magnesium(2+) | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| testosterone | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
Every finding here is a null result.
Measured, no effect detected
4 findings
choline — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“In random-effects meta-analysis, choline was not associated with any incident CVD (relative risk (RR): 1.00 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.02) for an increase of 100 mg/day choline intake).”
Quoted verbatim from Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- dietary intake, per 100 mg/day increment of choline
- Population
- Adults in five prospective cohorts (USA, Netherlands, Japan) with dietary choline from food frequency questionnaires; observational dose-response per 100 mg/day, not an administered dose
Effect 1 risk ratio, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.02
Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.2017PMID:28686188Permalink
L-ascorbic acid — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“There was no effect of vitamin C on the primary endpoint of major cardiovascular events (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89–1.11; P=0.91) (Table 2).”
Quoted verbatim from Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Dose
- 500 mg synthetic ascorbic acid daily
- Population
- 14,641 US male physicians aged 50 years or older; vitamin E, multivitamin and beta-carotene were randomised independently in a factorial design and balanced across the vitamin C and placebo arms
Effect 0.99 hazard ratio, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.11
Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial.2008PMID:18997197Industry fundedPermalink
magnesium(2+) — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“Dietary magnesium (per 200-mg/d increment) was not significantly associated with CVD (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.75, 1.05) but was associated with a 22% lower risk of IHD (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.92).”
Quoted verbatim from Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Adults in prospective cohort studies; dietary magnesium per 200-mg/d increment; abstract-only source, no full text available
Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.2013PMID:23719551Permalink
testosterone — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“There was no difference between the testosterone replacement therapy group (120/1601, 7.5%) and placebo group (110/1519, 7.2%) in the incidence of cardiovascular and/or cerebrovascular events (13 studies, odds ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.42; p = 0.62).”
Quoted verbatim from The effects and safety of testosterone replacement therapy for men with hypogonadism: the TestES evidence synthesis and economic evaluation.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Men with male hypogonadism; individual participant data and aggregate meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised trials of any testosterone replacement formulation (13 studies for this endpoint)
Effect 1.07 odds ratio, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.42
The effects and safety of testosterone replacement therapy for men with hypogonadism: the TestES evidence synthesis and economic evaluation.2024PMID:39248210Permalink
How it is measured
Composite incident cardiovascular events as defined by each source study. The component set is recorded with each finding and is never assumed.
Sources cited
4 papers
- Subject
- incidence of cardiovascular disease (composite)
- Findings
- 4
- Papers
- 4
The effects and safety of testosterone replacement therapy for men with hypogonadism: the TestES evidence synthesis and economic evaluation.record2024PMID:392482101 finding
Dietary Choline and Betaine and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.record2017PMID:286861881 finding
Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.record2013PMID:237195511 finding
Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial.record2008PMID:189971971 finding