Colorectal cancer incidence

Method

Incident colon or rectal cancer in observational cohorts and case-control studies comparing highest with lowest consumption of a defined exposure, pooled as a risk ratio.

The method is part of the endpoint identity. Studies measuring the same quantity by a different method are held as separate endpoints.

Notes

Will be confused with an overall digestive-tract cancer estimate, into which these two sites are frequently absorbed alongside upper-GI sites that did not agree with them in the 2009 review. Colon and rectum are themselves reported separately in that review and did not agree with each other either, so an edge here must record which sites the source actually pooled rather than assuming both.

Findings

1 finding from 1 compound, strongest first.

• nitrate — no detected effect on

  BLikelyGrade B, Likely. Human evidence, limited replication or design limits.FindingNull result

  “No significant associations were found between dietary nitrate/nitrite and cancers of the breast, bladder, colorectal, esophagus, renal cell, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ovarian, and pancreas.”

  Study

  meta-analysis

  Population

  adults in prospective and case-control studies of dietary nitrate intake

  Association between dietary nitrate and nitrite intake and sitespecific cancer risk: evidence from observational studies.2016PMID:27486968