xylitol

• children with new caries lesions

  decreases, p = 0.05

  Significantly fewer children in the xylitol-wipe group had new caries lesions at 1 year compared with those in the placebo-wipe group (P < 0.05)

  PMID:22699675 · one of two readings recorded this

• salivary lactobacilli level

  no effect

  No significant differences between the two groups were observed in levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli at all time-points

  PMID:22699675 · one of two readings recorded this

• salivary mutans streptococci level

  no effect

  No significant differences between the two groups were observed in levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli at all time-points

  PMID:22699675 · one of two readings recorded this

• difference in proportion of children with decayed first permanent molars, initial lesion (D1-D2), baseline to follow-up

  increases, p = 0.01, n = 83

  16.66% (p < 0.01)

  PMID:22791282 · one of two readings recorded this

• difference in proportion of children with decayed first permanent molars, initial lesion (D1-D2), baseline to follow-up

  no effect, n = 74

  In the xylitol group, the difference in proportion of children with decayed first permanent molars at baseline and follow-up was 1.43% for manifest lesion and 2.86% for initial lesions

  PMID:22791282 · one of two readings recorded this

• difference in proportion of children with decayed first permanent molars, manifest lesion (D3), baseline to follow-up

  increases, p = 0.01, n = 83

  10.26% (p < 0.01)

  PMID:22791282 · one of two readings recorded this

• difference in proportion of children with decayed first permanent molars, manifest lesion (D3), baseline to follow-up

  no effect, n = 74

  In the xylitol group, the difference in proportion of children with decayed first permanent molars at baseline and follow-up was 1.43% for manifest lesion and 2.86% for initial lesions

  PMID:22791282 · one of two readings recorded this

• mean change in decayed permanent first molar surfaces (ΔD6S), initial lesion

  increases, p = 0.02, n = 83

  the ∆D6S for manifest lesion was 0.18 (p = 0.03) and 0.67 (p = 0.02) for initial lesion

  PMID:22791282 · one of two readings recorded this

• mean change in decayed permanent first molar surfaces (ΔD6S), manifest lesion

  increases, p = 0.03, n = 83

  the ∆D6S for manifest lesion was 0.18 (p = 0.03) and 0.67 (p = 0.02) for initial lesion

  PMID:22791282 · one of two readings recorded this

• caries increment

  no effect, n = 691

  Xylitol lozenges reduced the caries increment 10 percent

  PMID:23283923 · one of two readings recorded this

• occlusal-surface caries incidence

  no effect, p = 0.408, n = 620

  occlusal-surface caries (p = .408)

  PMID:23589387 · one of two readings recorded this

• proximal-surface caries incidence

  no effect, p = 0.159, n = 620

  proximal-surface caries (p = .159)

  PMID:23589387 · one of two readings recorded this

• root caries lesion increment

  decreases, p = 0.001, n = 620

  Participants in the xylitol arm developed 40% fewer root caries lesions (0.23 D2FS/year) than those in the placebo arm (0.38 D2FS/year; IRR = 0.60; 95% CI [0.44, 0.81]; p < .001)

  PMID:23589387 · one of two readings recorded this

• smooth-surface caries incidence

  no effect, p = 0.1, n = 620

  in the incidence of smooth-surface caries (p = .100)

  PMID:23589387 · one of two readings recorded this

• annualized noncavitated plus cavitated lesion transition scores, coronal and root surfaces, sound to carious

  no effect, n = 538

  The mean annualized noncavitated plus cavitated lesion transition scores in coronal and root surfaces, from sound to carious favoured xylitol over placebo, during the three cumulative periods of 12, 24, and 33 months

  PMID:24205951 · one of two readings recorded this

• incidence of AOM

  no effect

  the incidence of AOM was 0.53 episodes per 90 days in the xylitol group versus 0.59 in the placebo group (difference 0.06; 95% CI -0.25 to 0.13)

  PMID:24394686 · one of two readings recorded this

• time to first clinically diagnosed AOM episode

  no effect

  In the primary analysis of time to first clinically diagnosed AOM episode, the hazard ratio for xylitol versus placebo recipients was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61 to 1.3)

  PMID:24394686 · one of two readings recorded this

• time to first clinically diagnosed AOM episode

  no effect

  the hazard ratio for those taking nearly all assigned xylitol compared with those taking none was 0.93 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.57)

  PMID:24394686 · one of two readings recorded this

• total antibiotic use

  no effect

  total antibiotic use was 6.8 days per 90 days in the xylitol group versus 6.4 in the placebo group (difference 0.4; 95% CI -1.8 to 2.7)

  PMID:24394686 · one of two readings recorded this

• Baseline and end-of-trial mean d(2-3)mfs

  no effect

  There was no difference between the two groups in baseline or end-of-trial mean d(2-3)mfs

  PMID:24709430 · one of two readings recorded this

• Primary molar caries increment d(2-3)mfs at six months

  no effect, p = 0.07

  The mean d(2-3)mfs increment was greater in the fluoride-xylitol group compared to the fluoride-sorbitol group (2.5 and 1.4 d(2-3)mfs, respectively), but the difference was not significant (95% confidence interval: -0.17, 2.37; P=.07)

  PMID:24709430 · one of two readings recorded this

• caries prevented fraction

  decreases, n = 4216

  a fluoride toothpaste containing 10% xylitol may reduce caries by 13% when compared to a fluoride-only toothpaste (PF -0.13, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.08, 4216 children analysed

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• caries reduction

  decreases, n = 94

  xylitol syrup (8 g per day) reduced caries by 58% (95% CI 33% to 83%, 94 infants analysed

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• caries

  unclear

  There was only one study investigating the effects of xylitol lozenges, when compared to control lozenges, in adults (low quality body of evidence)

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• caries

  unclear

  xylitol lozenges versus no treatment in children (very low quality body of evidence)

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• caries

  unclear

  xylitol sucking tablets versus no treatment in infants (very low quality body of evidence)

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• caries

  unclear

  xylitol wipes versus control wipes in infants (low quality body of evidence)

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• caries

  unclear

  xylitol tablets versus control (sorbitol) tablets in infants (very low quality body of evidence)

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• dental caries increment, prevented fraction (PF)

  decreases, PF -0.13, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.08

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  The main finding of the review was that, over 2.5 to 3 years of use, a fluoride toothpaste containing 10% xylitol may reduce caries by 13% when compared to a fluoride-only toothpaste (PF -0.13, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.08, 4216 children analysed, low-quality evidence).

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• dental caries, prevented fraction of caries increment (continuous data, PF)

  decreases, PF -0.13 (95% CI -0.18 to -0.08), fluoride toothpaste with 10% xylitol vs fluoride-only toothpaste, 4216 children

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  The main finding of the review was that, over 2.5 to 3 years of use, a fluoride toothpaste containing 10% xylitol may reduce caries by 13% when compared to a fluoride-only toothpaste (PF -0.13, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.08, 4216 children analysed, low-quality evidence).

  PMID:25809586 · one of two readings recorded this

• Incidence of debonded brackets

  no effect

  Chewing gum did not significantly increase the incidence of debonded brackets over the other groups

  PMID:26467791 · one of two readings recorded this

• Reduction in plaque mutans streptococci counts

  no effect

  Xylitol groups did not experience any more reduction in plaque score, plaque MS counts, or salivary MS counts than the control group nor did they have lower values at any of the time points

  PMID:26467791 · one of two readings recorded this

• Reduction in plaque score

  no effect

  Xylitol groups did not experience any more reduction in plaque score, plaque MS counts, or salivary MS counts than the control group nor did they have lower values at any of the time points

  PMID:26467791 · one of two readings recorded this

• Reduction in salivary mutans streptococci counts

  no effect

  Xylitol groups did not experience any more reduction in plaque score, plaque MS counts, or salivary MS counts than the control group nor did they have lower values at any of the time points

  PMID:26467791 · one of two readings recorded this

• acute otitis media (AOM) risk

  decreases, n = 1826

  xylitol (in any form) can reduce the risk of AOM from 30% to around 22% compared with the control group (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.88)

  PMID:27486835 · one of two readings recorded this

• acute otitis media (AOM) risk

  no effect

  Xylitol was not effective in reducing AOM among healthy children during a respiratory infection (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.53

  PMID:27486835 · one of two readings recorded this

• acute otitis media (AOM) risk

  no effect

  among otitis-prone healthy children (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.21

  PMID:27486835 · one of two readings recorded this

• Caries risk reduction at tooth level

  decreases

  Subjects treated with xylitol chewing gums had a reduction of risk rate at tooth level of 23% with respect to those treated with polyols with a number needed to treat of 55 teeth

  PMID:28303470 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque pH area under the curve at pH 5.7

  decreases, p = 0.02

  The area under the curve at pH 5.7 was statistically significantly lower (p = 0.02) during the experimental period in the xylitol group

  PMID:28303470 · one of two readings recorded this

• Salivary mutans streptococci concentration

  decreases, p = 0.01

  A decrease of the concentration of salivary MS was noted in the xylitol group (p < 0.01)

  PMID:28303470 · one of two readings recorded this

• Total caries experience increment

  decreases, p = 0.01

  The total caries experience increment was 1.25 ± 1.26 in the xylitol group and 1.80 ± 2.33 in the polyol group (p = 0.01)

  PMID:28303470 · one of two readings recorded this

• Change in plaque mutans streptococci, combined xylitol versus sucrose

  decreases, p = 0.05

  children in the combined xylitol group had a significant decrease in MS compared to children in the sucrose group, who exhibited an increase in MS level (P<0.05)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Examiner intrarater agreement for caries examination (kappa)

  Examiner intrarater agreement (kappa coefficient=0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.92, 0.95) was good

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Mean total tooth decay incidence, all children

  The mean total tooth decay incidence for all children was 4.1±3.6 surfaces

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque mutans streptococci level between five milk groups

  no effect, p = 0.24

  Children in the five milk groups had similar MS levels at baseline (P=0.24)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque mutans streptococci level between five milk groups

  no effect, p = 0.47

  similar MS levels at baseline (P=0.24) and at the end of the study (P=0.47)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque mutans streptococci level (log10) at follow-up, covariate-adjusted

  no effect, p = 0.59

  there was no difference in MS level between sorbitol and sucrose (coefficient=−0.12; P=0.59)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque mutans streptococci level (log10) at follow-up, covariate-adjusted

  decreases, p = 0.02

  children in the xylitol groups had significantly lower MS levels than children in the sucrose group (coefficient=−0.46;P=0.02)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque mutans streptococci level (log10), covariate-adjusted

  no effect, p = 0.22

  the difference was no longer significant in adjusted regression analysis (coefficient =−0.33;P=0.22)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque mutans streptococci level (log10), unadjusted

  decreases, p = 0.03

  the twice/day sorbitol group had a significant decline in MS levels as compared to the sucrose group (coefficient=−0.64;P=0.03)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Tooth decay incidence (new decayed, missing or filled surfaces)

  no effect

  Tooth decay incidence for children in the xylitol once/day and twice/day was 5.3±3.4 and 4.3±4.0 surfaces, respectively, compared to sorbitol once/day, sorbitol twice/day, or sucrose (4.1±2.8, 3.7±4.2, and 3.2±3.4 surfaces, respectively)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Tooth decay incidence rate ratio, adjusted for time-at-risk

  no effect, p = 0.13

  xylitol and sucrose (rate ratio [RR]=1.51;95% CI=0.88,2.59;P=0.13)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Tooth decay incidence rate ratio, covariate-adjusted

  no effect, p = 0.49

  The covariate-adjusted rate ratio for tooth decay for xylitol versus sucrose was 1.23 (95% CI=0.67,2.23;P=0.49)

  PMID:28327266 · one of two readings recorded this

• Mean self-reported severity of sore throat and difficulty swallowing, first 3 days

  no effect, n = 689

  mean severity scores 2.75 with no probiotic and 2.78 with probiotic (adjusted difference -0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.24 to 0.24)

  PMID:29255098 · one of two readings recorded this

• Mean self-reported severity of sore throat and difficulty swallowing, first 3 days

  no effect, n = 689

  2.73 with xylitol gum (adjusted difference 0.01, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.30)

  PMID:29255098 · one of two readings recorded this

• Mean self-reported severity of sore throat and difficulty swallowing, first 3 days

  no effect, n = 689

  mean severity scores 2.73 without gum, 2.72 with sorbitol gum (adjusted difference 0.07, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.37)

  PMID:29255098 · one of two readings recorded this

• Secondary outcomes

  no effect

  None of the secondary outcomes differed significantly between groups, and no harms were reported

  PMID:29255098 · one of two readings recorded this

• change from baseline in FEV1% predicted

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  No significant differences were noted between the 2 arms in mean changes in lung function, sputum microbial density for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, body weight, quality of life, and frequency of adverse events.

  PMID:31327670 · one of two readings recorded this

• Change in body weight

  no effect

  No significant differences were noted between the 2 arms in mean changes in lung function, sputum microbial density for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, body weight, quality of life, and frequency of adverse events

  PMID:31327670 · one of two readings recorded this

• Change in lung function (FEV1% predicted)

  no effect

  No significant differences were noted between the 2 arms in mean changes in lung function, sputum microbial density for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, body weight, quality of life, and frequency of adverse events

  PMID:31327670 · one of two readings recorded this

• Change in sputum microbial density (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus)

  no effect

  No significant differences were noted between the 2 arms in mean changes in lung function, sputum microbial density for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, body weight, quality of life, and frequency of adverse events

  PMID:31327670 · one of two readings recorded this

• Frequency of adverse events

  no effect

  No significant differences were noted between the 2 arms in mean changes in lung function, sputum microbial density for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, body weight, quality of life, and frequency of adverse events

  PMID:31327670 · one of two readings recorded this

• Quality of life (revised CF quality of life questionnaire)

  no effect

  No significant differences were noted between the 2 arms in mean changes in lung function, sputum microbial density for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, body weight, quality of life, and frequency of adverse events

  PMID:31327670 · one of two readings recorded this

• BOP, PI and GI intergroup comparison at T0, T1 and T2

  unclear

  Intergroup comparisons showed significant differences for BOP, PI, and GI at T0, T1, and T2 times, respectively

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• BOP scores, change T1 to T2

  decreases

  The PI and GI scores reduced significantly in the control group, while BOP scores reduced in both groups between T1 and T2

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• Microbial flora, between-group comparison at any time

  no effect

  No significant differences were found between the groups in microbial flora at any time

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• Microbial parameters, within-group change T0 to T1

  no effect

  For microbial parameters, there were no statistically significant differences within groups from T0 to T1

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• Periodontal parameters (PI, GI, BOP), within-group change from T0 to T1 and T0 to T2

  decreases

  All periodontal parameters significantly decreased from T0 to T1 and from T0 to T2 in both groups

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• PI and GI scores, change T1 to T2, control group

  decreases

  The PI and GI scores reduced significantly in the control group, while BOP scores reduced in both groups between T1 and T2

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• salivary microbial flora (total bacterial counts, Streptococcus mutans) and periodontal indices (Turesky plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing) over 3 months, xylitol-impregnated vs xylitol-free toothbrush in orthodontic patients

  no effect, no significant differences between groups in microbial flora at any time

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  No significant differences were found between the groups in microbial flora at any time.

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans and total bacteria, within-group change T0 to T2

  decreases

  Decreases in Streptococcus mutans and total bacteria were significant in both groups from T0 to T2

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• Total bacterial counts, change T1 to T2

  decreases

  Total bacterial counts significantly decreased in the xylitol group between T1 and T2

  PMID:33378517 · one of two readings recorded this

• Appetite-related sensations (VAS)

  no effect, n = 12

  No effect of xylitol treatment on appetite-related sensations could be found

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Correlation of aGLP-1 iAUC 0–60 min with gastric emptying

  no effect

  CCK, aGLP-1 and PYY were weakly linear correlated to gastric emptying (R = −0.041, R = 0.128 and R = 0.158, respectively)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Correlation of CCK iAUC 0–60 min with gastric emptying

  no effect

  CCK, aGLP-1 and PYY were weakly linear correlated to gastric emptying (R = −0.041, R = 0.128 and R = 0.158, respectively)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Correlation of PYY iAUC 0–60 min with gastric emptying

  no effect

  CCK, aGLP-1 and PYY were weakly linear correlated to gastric emptying (R = −0.041, R = 0.128 and R = 0.158, respectively)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Gastric emptying T50%, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.026, n = 12

  There was an overall statistically significant difference comparing T50% (p = 0.026)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Gastric emptying T50%, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.029, n = 12

  time needed to empty 50% of the dose was significantly shorter for placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (56.6 ± 13.0 min vs. 74.0 ± 18.1 min; p = 0.029)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Minimum detectable difference, aGLP-1 iAUC 0–60 min

  The minimum detectable difference for CCK was 68.0 pmol × min/L, for aGLP-1 162 pmol × min/L, and finally for PYY 332 pmol × min/L

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Minimum detectable difference, CCK iAUC 0–60 min

  The minimum detectable difference for CCK was 68.0 pmol × min/L, for aGLP-1 162 pmol × min/L, and finally for PYY 332 pmol × min/L

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Minimum detectable difference, PYY iAUC 0–60 min

  The minimum detectable difference for CCK was 68.0 pmol × min/L, for aGLP-1 162 pmol × min/L, and finally for PYY 332 pmol × min/L

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• plasma active GLP-1, ELISA, iAUC 0-60 min after intragastric xylitol vs water

  increases

  Not recorded as a finding: node plasma-glp-1 is defined for sampling after a fixed mixed-nutrient drink or intraduodenal nutrient infusion; here the stimulus was xylitol alone in water

  Plasma aGLP-1: Xylitol leads to a dose-dependent increase in plasma aGLP-1 concentrations compared to placebo.

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma aGLP-1 iAUC 0–60 min, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.002, n = 12

  There was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iAUC 0–60 min (p = 0.002)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma aGLP-1 iAUC 0–60 min, placebo vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.008, n = 12

  Pairwise comparison revealed statistically significant difference for placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.008), and placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.006)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma aGLP-1 iAUC 0–60 min, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.006, n = 12

  placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.008), and placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.006)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma aGLP-1 iCmax, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.002, n = 12

  there was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iCmax (p = 0.002)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma aGLP-1 iCmax, placebo vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.013, n = 12

  pairwise significant differences were observed between placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.013), and placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.003)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma aGLP-1 iCmax, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.003, n = 12

  placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.013), and placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.003)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iAUC 0–180 min, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.026, n = 12

  Overall statistical significance was also reached for iAUC 0–180 min (p = 0.026)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iAUC 0–180 min, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.023, n = 12

  Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant difference for placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.023)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iAUC 0–60 min, 7 g vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.009, n = 12

  7 vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.009), and 7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.010)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iAUC 0–60 min, 7 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.01, n = 12

  7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.010)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iAUC 0–60 min, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  There was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iAUC 0–60 min (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iAUC 0–60 min, placebo vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  Pairwise comparison revealed statistically significant difference for placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iAUC 0–60 min, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.002, n = 12

  placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.002), 7 vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.009), and 7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.010)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iCmax, 7 g vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.009, n = 12

  7 vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.009), and 7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.010) (, Table 1)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iCmax, 7 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.01, n = 12

  7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.010) (, Table 1)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iCmax, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  there was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iCmax (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iCmax, placebo vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  pairwise significant differences were observed between placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p < 0.001), placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.002)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma CCK iCmax, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.002, n = 12

  placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.002), 7 vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.009), and 7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.010) (, Table 1)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• plasma cholecystokinin, radioimmunoassay, iAUC 0-60 min after intragastric xylitol vs water

  increases

  Not recorded as a finding: node plasma-cholecystokinin is defined for sampling after a fixed mixed-nutrient drink or intraduodenal nutrient infusion; here the stimulus was xylitol alone in water, so I treated it as outside the node

  Plasma CCK: Xylitol leads to a dose-dependent increase in plasma CCK concentrations compared to placebo.

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma GIP concentrations

  no effect, n = 12

  No effect of xylitol treatment on plasma GIP concentrations could be found

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• plasma GIP (total), ELISA, after intragastric xylitol vs water

  no effect, no overall significant differences in iAUC 0-60, iAUC 0-180 or iCmin

  Not recorded as a finding: node plasma-gip is defined for postprandial sampling after a fixed mixed-nutrient drink; here the stimulus was xylitol alone in water

  Plasma GIP: No effect of xylitol treatment on plasma GIP concentrations could be found: the values of iAUC 0–60 min, iAUC 0–180 min and iCmin did not show any overall statistically significant differences (, Table 1).

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma glucagon iCmax, 17 g vs 35 g xylitol

  modulates, p = 0.012, n = 12

  Pairwise comparison revealed statistically significant difference for 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.012)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma glucagon iCmax, overall treatment effect

  modulates, p = 0.011, n = 12

  There was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iCmax (p = 0.011)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma glucose iAUC 0–60 min, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  There was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iAUC 0–60 min (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma glucose iAUC 0–60 min, placebo vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  Pairwise comparison revealed statistically significant difference for placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• plasma glucose iAUC and iCmax after intragastric xylitol

  increases

  Not recorded as a finding: peak-postprandial-glucose and postprandial-glucose-auc nodes require a fixed mixed-nutrient drink or oral glucose load; the challenge here was xylitol alone

  Plasma glucose: Xylitol leads to a dose-dependent increase in plasma glucose concentrations compared to placebo.

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma glucose iCmax, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  there was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iCmax (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma glucose iCmax, placebo vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  pairwise significant differences were observed between placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p < 0.001), and placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma glucose iCmax, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  and placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–180 min, 17 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.008, n = 12

  17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.008)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–180 min, 7 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.006, n = 12

  7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.006), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.008)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–180 min, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.008, n = 12

  Overall statistical significance was also reached for iAUC 0–180 min (p = 0.008)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–180 min, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.01, n = 12

  Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant difference for placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.010), 7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.006), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.008)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–60 min, 17 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.004, n = 12

  17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.004)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–60 min, 7 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.001), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.004)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–60 min, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  There was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iAUC 0–60 min (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–60 min, placebo vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  Pairwise comparison revealed statistically significant difference for placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p < 0.001), placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iAUC 0–60 min, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001), 7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.001), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.004)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• plasma insulin iAUC and iCmax after intragastric xylitol, chemiluminescent immunoassay

  increases

  Not recorded as a finding: stimulated-postprandial-insulin node requires an intragastric amino-acid preload followed by a mixed-nutrient drink

  Plasma insulin: Xylitol leads to a dose-dependent increase in plasma insulin concentrations compared to placebo.

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iCmax, 17 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.036, n = 12

  17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.036)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iCmax, 7 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.001), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.036)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iCmax, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  there was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iCmax (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iCmax, placebo vs 17 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.03, n = 12

  pairwise significant differences were observed between placebo vs. 17 g xylitol (p = 0.030), placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma insulin iCmax, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001), 7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.001), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.036)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma motilin concentrations

  no effect, n = 12

  No effect of xlylitol treatment on plasma motilin concentrations could be found

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• plasma peptide YY, iAUC 0-60 min, ELISA

  increases

  Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node for plasma PYY

  Plasma PYY: Xylitol leads to a dose-dependent increase in plasma PYY concentrations compared to placebo.

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iAUC 0–180 min, 17 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.007, n = 12

  17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.007)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iAUC 0–180 min, 7 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.015, n = 12

  7 vs 35 g xylitol (p = 0.015), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.007)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iAUC 0–180 min, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.004, n = 12

  Overall statistical significance was also reached for iAUC 0–180 min (p = 0.004)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iAUC 0–180 min, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.003, n = 12

  Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant difference for placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.003), 7 vs 35 g xylitol (p = 0.015), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.007)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iAUC 0–60 min, 17 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.005, n = 12

  17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.005)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iAUC 0–60 min, 7 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.005)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iAUC 0–60 min, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  There was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iAUC 0–60 min (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iAUC 0–60 min, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.002, n = 12

  Pairwise comparison revealed statistically significant difference for placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.002), 7 vs. 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.005)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iCmax, 17 g vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.024, n = 12

  17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.024)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iCmax, overall treatment effect

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  there was an overall statistically significant difference comparing iCmax (p = 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iCmax, placebo vs 35 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.002, n = 12

  placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.002), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.024)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plasma PYY iCmax, placebo vs 7 g xylitol

  increases, p = 0.03, n = 12

  pairwise significant differences were observed between placebo vs. 7 g xylitol (p = 0.030), placebo vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.002), and 17 vs. 35 g xylitol (p = 0.024)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Serum blood lipids (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides) within 120 min

  no effect, n = 12

  There was no statistically significant increase from baseline in blood lipids (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides) within 120 min after 35 g xylitol

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum lipids (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides) after 35 g xylitol

  no effect, no statistically significant increase from baseline in any lipid within 120 min after 35 g xylitol

  Not recorded as a finding: change from baseline within 120 min only, no placebo contrast, and the triglyceride and HDL nodes need a fasting sample (within_arm_only)

  Blood lipids: There was no statistically significant increase from baseline in blood lipids (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides) within 120 min after 35 g xylitol.

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum uric acid after 35 g xylitol, enzymatic assay

  increases, significant increase from baseline after 35 g xylitol, p < 0.001

  Not recorded as a finding: the only sentence is a within-subject rise from baseline with no placebo contrast (within_arm_only)

  Uric acid: There was a statistically significant increase from baseline in uric acid concentrations after 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001).

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum uric acid, enzymatic assay, change from baseline after 35 g xylitol

  increases, significant increase from baseline after 35 g xylitol, p < 0.001

  Not recorded as a finding: only a within-visit change from baseline after 35 g is reported; blood lipids and uric acid were sampled at the 35 g visit only, so there is no between-arm contrast to anchor

  Uric acid: There was a statistically significant increase from baseline in uric acid concentrations after 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001).

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• Serum uric acid increase from baseline

  increases, p = 0.001, n = 12

  There was a statistically significant increase from baseline in uric acid concentrations after 35 g xylitol (p < 0.001)

  PMID:33429977 · one of two readings recorded this

• 3-OMG iAUC120 (intestinal glucose absorption), group effect

  no effect, p = 0.821, n = 46

  Neither the time (pre or post intervention), nor the group (control, xylitol, or erythritol), nor the time-by-group interaction effects were significant (p = 0.829, p = 0.821, and p = 0.572, respectively, before Bonferroni correction)

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• 3-OMG iAUC120 (intestinal glucose absorption), time-by-group interaction

  no effect, p = 0.572, n = 46

  Neither the time (pre or post intervention), nor the group (control, xylitol, or erythritol), nor the time-by-group interaction effects were significant (p = 0.829, p = 0.821, and p = 0.572, respectively, before Bonferroni correction)

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• 3-OMG iAUC120 (intestinal glucose absorption), time effect pre vs post intervention

  no effect, p = 0.829, n = 46

  Neither the time (pre or post intervention), nor the group (control, xylitol, or erythritol), nor the time-by-group interaction effects were significant (p = 0.829, p = 0.821, and p = 0.572, respectively, before Bonferroni correction)

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1C, trial 1 vs trial 2

  no effect, p = 0.729

  HbA1C = 5.32 ± 0.07% (trial 1) versus HbA1C = 5.40 ± 0.06% (trial 2), p = 0.729

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• intestinal glucose absorption, incremental AUC0-120 of plasma 3-O-methyl-glucose during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, GC-MS, after 5-7 weeks of xylitol 8 g three times daily versus no-substance control, in people with obesity

  no effect, time, group and time-by-group interaction effects not significant (p = 0.829, p = 0.821, p = 0.572)

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Neither the time (pre or post intervention), nor the group (control, xylitol, or erythritol), nor the time-by-group interaction effects were significant (p = 0.829, p = 0.821, and p = 0.572, respectively, before Bonferroni correction).

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• intestinal glucose absorption, plasma 3-O-methyl-glucose incremental AUC over 120 min (3-OMG iAUC120) during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, GC-MS, after 5 to 7 weeks of 8 g xylitol three times daily vs no-substance control

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  The effect of xylitol or erythritol intake on 3-OMG iAUC120 was not significant.

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• Participant age, trial 1 vs trial 2

  no effect, p = 0.467

  age = 30.8 ± 1.6 years (trial 1) versus age = 28.7 ± 2.1 years (trial 2), p = 0.467

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• Participant BMI, trial 1 vs trial 2

  no effect, p = 0.054

  BMI = 34.8 ± 0.6 kg/m2 (trial 1) versus BMI = 37.4 ± 1.4 kg/m2 (trial 2), p = 0.054

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• Proportion of women, trial 1 vs trial 2

  no effect, p = 0.385

  gender distribution = 39% women (trial 1) versus 54% women (trial 2), p = 0.385

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• Total cholesterol, trial 1 vs trial 2

  no effect, p = 0.734

  total cholesterol = 4.9 ± 0.21 mmol/L (trial 1) versus total cholesterol = 5.0 ± 0.27 mmol/L (trial 2), p = 0.734

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• Triglycerides, trial 1 vs trial 2

  no effect, p = 0.383

  triglycerides = 1.8 ± 0.26 mmol/L (trial 1) versus triglycerides = 1.4 ± 0.26 mmol/L (trial 2), p = 0.383

  PMID:34836205 · one of two readings recorded this

• Between-rinse effect size (omega squared) for Streptococcus mutans counts

  Medium effect size (ω2 = 0.13) was observed on comparing Streptococcus mutans counts between the three mouth rinses among children while the effect size was small (ω2 = 0.03) on making similar comparisons among elderly

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Between-rinse effect size (omega squared) for Streptococcus mutans counts

  Medium effect size (ω2 = 0.13) was observed on comparing Streptococcus mutans counts between the three mouth rinses among children while the effect size was small (ω2 = 0.03) on making similar comparisons among elderly

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Percentage reduction in Streptococcus mutans counts

  decreases

  Percentage reductions in Streptococcus mutans counts were greater with probiotic (28%) than xylitol (14%) among children while they were similar (probiotic: 23%, xylitol: 22%) among elderly

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Percentage reduction in Streptococcus mutans counts

  decreases

  Percentage reductions in Streptococcus mutans counts were greater with probiotic (28%) than xylitol (14%) among children while they were similar (probiotic: 23%, xylitol: 22%) among elderly

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in dental plaque, log10 CFU/g on Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar, 10% xylitol rinse vs chlorhexidine and probiotic rinses over 14 days

  no effect, no significant difference between the 3 mouth rinses: children F = 2.39, p = 0.123; elderly F = 1.26, p = 0.314

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  There was no statistically significant difference in Streptococcus mutans count on comparing the 3 mouth rinses in children (F = 2.39; p = 0.123) and elderly (F = 1.26; p = 0.314).

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in plaque, before-after reduction

  decreases, p = 0.022

  chlorhexidine: mean difference = 3.11 log10CFU/g; SD = 2.32; t = 3.28; p = 0.022

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in plaque, before-after reduction

  decreases, p = 0.004

  chlorhexidine: mean difference = 2.23 log10CFU/g; SD = 1.08; t = 5.07; p = 0.004

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in plaque, before-after reduction

  decreases, p = 0.023

  probiotic: mean difference = 1.91 log10CFU/g; SD = 1.67; t = 3.02; p = 0.023

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in plaque, before-after reduction

  decreases, p = 0.018

  probiotic: mean difference = 1.61 log10CFU/g; SD = 0.92; t = 3.90; p = 0.018

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in plaque, before-after reduction

  decreases, p = 0.046

  xylitol: mean difference = 0.93 log10CFU/g; SD = 0.86; t = 2.64; p = 0.046

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in plaque, before-after reduction

  decreases, p = 0.009

  xylitol: mean difference = 1.39 log10CFU/g; SD = 0.81; t = 4.19; p = 0.009

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in plaque, comparison of the three mouth rinses

  no effect, p = 0.123

  There was no statistically significant difference in Streptococcus mutans count on comparing the 3 mouth rinses in children (F = 2.39; p = 0.123) and elderly (F = 1.26; p = 0.314)

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans count in plaque, comparison of the three mouth rinses

  no effect, p = 0.314

  There was no statistically significant difference in Streptococcus mutans count on comparing the 3 mouth rinses in children (F = 2.39; p = 0.123) and elderly (F = 1.26; p = 0.314)

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Streptococcus mutans counts in dental plaque, log10 CFU/g by culture on Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar, after 14 days of 10% xylitol mouth rinse versus chlorhexidine and probiotic mouth rinses

  no effect, no significant difference between the 3 mouth rinses in children (F = 2.39; p = 0.123) and elderly (F = 1.26; p = 0.314)

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  There was no statistically significant difference in Streptococcus mutans count on comparing the 3 mouth rinses in children (F = 2.39; p = 0.123) and elderly (F = 1.26; p = 0.314).

  PMID:35968060 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing at T0 (baseline)

  no effect, p = 0.129

  T0 (baseline) (%), mean ± sd | 34 ± 12 | 38 ± 14 | 44 ± 18 | 0.129

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing at T2

  T2 (%), mean ± sd | 20 ± 9 | 20 ± 13 | 22 ± 11

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing at T4

  T4 (%), mean ± sd | 17 ± 10 | 19 ± 13 | 16 ± 10

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing, change T2-T0

  no effect, p = 0.107

  T2-T0 (%), mean ± sd | − 14 ± 7 | − 18 ± 12 | − 22 ± 15 | 0.107

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing, change T4-T0

  decreases, p = 0.042

  T4-T0 (%), mean ± sd | − 17 ± 8 | − 19 ± 11 | − 28 ± 18 | 0.042d

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing, change T4-T2

  no effect, p = 0.177

  T4-T2 (%), mean ± sd | − 3 ± 7 | − 1 ± 6 | − 6 ± 10 | 0.177

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing, greater decrease T0 to T4, test vs control 1

  decreases, p = 0.05

  Between-group comparisons revealed a significantly greater decrease between T0 and T4 in the test group than in control group 1 (p = 0.050)

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing, within-group reduction T0 to T4

  decreases, p = 0.001

  Within-group comparisons showed a significant reduction in bleeding (p < 0.001) between T0 and T4 in all three groups

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing, within-group reduction T2 to T4

  decreases, p = 0.018

  A significant reduction in bleeding between T2 and T4 was observed in the test group (p = 0.022) and control group 1 (p = 0.018) but not in control group 2 (p = 0.474)

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing, within-group reduction T2 to T4

  no effect, p = 0.474

  A significant reduction in bleeding between T2 and T4 was observed in the test group (p = 0.022) and control group 1 (p = 0.018) but not in control group 2 (p = 0.474)

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Bleeding on probing, within-group reduction T2 to T4

  decreases, p = 0.022

  A significant reduction in bleeding between T2 and T4 was observed in the test group (p = 0.022) and control group 1 (p = 0.018) but not in control group 2 (p = 0.474)

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• gingival bleeding (Ainamo and Bay gingival bleeding index, percentage of sites, six sites per tooth) and plaque index (Tonetti), test toothpaste vs placebo toothpaste, T0 to T4

  decreases, significantly greater decrease in bleeding T0 to T4 in the test group than control group 1, p = 0.050, p = 0.05

  Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

  Between-group comparisons revealed a significantly greater decrease between T0 and T4 in the test group than in control group 1 (p = 0.050), as reported in Table 2.

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Non-stimulated salivary flow at T0 (baseline)

  no effect, p = 0.272

  T0 (baseline) (%), mean ± sd | 0.57 ± 0.34 | 0.40 ± 0.23 | 0.46 ± 0.42 | 0.272

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Non-stimulated salivary flow at T2

  T2 (%), mean ± sd | 0.63 ± 0.40 | 0.38 ± 0.28 | 0.59 ± 0.39

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Non-stimulated salivary flow at T4

  T4 (%), mean ± sd | 0.57 ± 0.42 | 0.44 ± 0.33 | 0.49 ± 0.29

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Non-stimulated salivary flow, change T2-T0

  no effect, p = 0.132

  T2-T0 (%), mean ± sd | 0.06 ± 0.29 | − 0.02 ± 0.15 | 0.13 ± 0.22 | 0.132

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Non-stimulated salivary flow, change T4-T0

  no effect, p = 0.824

  T4-T0 (%), mean ± sd | 0.00 ± 0.25 | 0.04 ± 0.21 | 0.03 ± 0.22 | 0.824

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Non-stimulated salivary flow, change T4-T2

  no effect, p = 0.196

  T4-T2 (%), mean ± sd | − 0.06 ± 0.36 | 0.06 ± 0.22 | − 0.10 ± 0.25 | 0.196

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Non-stimulated salivary flow, increase T0 to T2

  increases, p = 0.017

  However, a significant increase in salivary flow (p = 0.017) was detected between T0 and T2 in the test group

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index at T0 (baseline)

  no effect, p = 0.076

  T0 (baseline) (%), mean ± sd | 38 ± 13 | 41 ± 14 | 50 ± 20 | 0.076

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index at T2

  T2 (%), mean ± sd | 24 ± 13 | 25 ± 15 | 26 ± 14

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index at T4

  T4 (%), mean ± sd | 19 ± 12 | 21 ± 13 | 19 ± 11

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index, change T2-T0

  decreases, p = 0.033

  T2-T0 (%), mean ± sd | − 14 ± 11 | − 16 ± 12 | − 24 ± 15 | 0.033d

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index, change T4-T0

  decreases, p = 0.01

  T4-T0 (%), mean ± sd | − 19 ± 9 | − 20 ± 11 | − 31 ± 18 | 0.010e

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index, change T4-T2

  no effect, p = 0.72

  T4-T2 (%), mean ± sd | − 5 ± 9 | − 4 ± 7 | − 7 ± 11 | 0.720

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index, greater decrease T0 to T2, test vs control 1

  decreases, p = 0.047

  Between-group comparisons for plaque levels showed a significantly greater decrease between T0 and T2 in the test group than in control group 1 (p = 0.047)

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index, greater reduction T0 to T4, test vs control 1

  decreases, p = 0.02

  A greater reduction was also observed between T0 and T4 in the test group compared to both control group 1 (p = 0.020) and control group 2 (p = 0.030)

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Plaque index, greater reduction T0 to T4, test vs control 2

  decreases, p = 0.03

  A greater reduction was also observed between T0 and T4 in the test group compared to both control group 1 (p = 0.020) and control group 2 (p = 0.030)

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Salivary pH at T0 (baseline)

  no effect, p = 0.584

  T0 (baseline), mean ± sd | 7.27 ± 0.46 | 7.20 ± 0.62 | 7.38 ± 0.57 | 0.584

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

• Salivary pH at T4

  T4, mean ± sd | 7.06 ± 0.48 | 6.81 ± 0.49 | 7.43 ± 0.62

  PMID:37072503 · one of two readings recorded this

The whole record — 309 rows