metformin

• class 3 obesity prevalence

  Almost all patients prescribed metformin were overweight or obese (94.8%), and prescription rates were highest in those with class 3 obesity (46.5%)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• class 3 obesity prevalence

  Among patients who did not receive a metformin prescription order, the overall proportion with overweight/obesity and those with class 3 obesity was comparatively smaller (87.7% and 29.6%, respectively)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• diabetes incidence

  n = 59232

  A total of 5,314 (9.0%) of patients developed diabetes (identified by diagnosis code or two glycemic tests) during the 5-year study period

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• diabetes progression timing

  < 1 year | 1,955 (32.6)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• diabetes progression timing

  1–3 years | 2,420 (40.4)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• diabetes progression timing

  3–5 years | 939 (15.7)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• diabetes progression timing

  5 + years | 683 (11.4)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription association with ethnicity

  p = 0.28

  The bivariate association of patient characteristics with metformin prescription status was significant for every variable except ethnicity (p = 0.28)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  n = 57014

  Total | 57,014 | 1,699 (3.0) | 53,666 | 3,259 (6.1)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  n = 53666

  Total | 57,014 | 1,699 (3.0) | 53,666 | 3,259 (6.1)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  18–29 Years | 1.08 (0.94–1.24)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  30–39 Years | 0.94 (0.83–1.06)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  40–49 Years | 0.88 (0.79–0.99)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  50–59 Years | 1.04 (0.92–1.16)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  n = 14980

  Age < 60 years & Class 2 or 3 obese | 14,980 | 682 (4.5) | 13,974 | 1,320 (9.4)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  n = 13974

  Age < 60 years & Class 2 or 3 obese | 14,980 | 682 (4.5) | 13,974 | 1,320 (9.4)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  n = 47797

  Age < 60 years | 47,797 | 1,368 (2.9) | 43,048 | 2,643 (6.1)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  n = 43048

  Age < 60 years | 47,797 | 1,368 (2.9) | 43,048 | 2,643 (6.1)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  n = 17484

  Class 2 or 3 obese | 17,484 | 770 (4.4) | 16,210 | 1,495 (9.2)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  n = 16210

  Class 2 or 3 obese | 17,484 | 770 (4.4) | 16,210 | 1,495 (9.2)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Hispanic | 1.00 (0.90–1.11)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Unknown | 0.95 (0.75–1.19)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  ICD code | 0.84 (0.74–0.95)**

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Medicare | 1.12 (0.95–1.32)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Private | 1.11 (0.98–1.25)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Uninsured | 1.05 (0.95–1.17)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Unknown | 0.73 (0.65–0.82)**

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Another | 0.49 (0.35–0.68)**

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Asian | 0.65 (0.52–0.80)**

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Black | 0.76 (0.69–0.85)**

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Unknown | 0.54 (0.48–0.61)**

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Female | 1.09 (1.00–1.18)*

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Class 1 obese | 2.29 (1.93–2.72)**

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Class 2 or 3 obese | 3.75 (3.18–4.44)**

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  greater multivariable odds of metformin prescription were observed among those with overweight (OR:1.66 [CI: 1.39–1.98])

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• metformin prescription

  Underweight | 0.65 (0.26–1.59)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• overweight or obesity prevalence

  Almost all patients prescribed metformin were overweight or obese (94.8%), and prescription rates were highest in those with class 3 obesity (46.5%)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• overweight or obesity prevalence

  Among patients who did not receive a metformin prescription order, the overall proportion with overweight/obesity and those with class 3 obesity was comparatively smaller (87.7% and 29.6%, respectively)

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• receipt of a metformin prescription order within 1 and 5 years of prediabetes diagnosis, by patient BMI, race, sex and insurance status

  Not recorded as a finding: the compound is what was measured, not what was given

  Overall, 3.0% and 6.1% of FQHC patients with prediabetes received a metformin prescription within one and five years of their prediabetes identification, respectively (Table 3).

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• White race proportion

  White patients constituted 49.8% of the sample and accounted for 57.3% of patients who received a metformin prescription

  PMID:40274755 · one of two readings recorded this

• cancer hazard ratio (negative control outcome)

  no effect

  Cancer | 16 | 4267 | 6466 | 2 764 087 | 1.1 (0.61–1.77)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio (complete case sensitivity analysis)

  decreases

  Post-COVID-19 condition | 148 | 1320 | 228 202 | 815 670 | 0.35 (0.3–0.41)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio (traditional cohort design sensitivity)

  decreases

  when the analysis was replicated using a traditional cohort design, the HR was 0.34 (95% CI, 0.30–0.38)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 288 | 2482 | −12.58 (−13.77 to −11.58) | 0.36 (0.32–0.41)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 283 | 2416 | −12.74 (−13.89 to −11.76) | 0.36 (0.33– 0.41)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 100 | 993 | −12.88 (−14.60 to −11.15) | 0.38 (0.31– 0.47)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 96 | 960 | −13.21 (−14.90 to −11.52) | 0.38 (0.31– 0.46)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 92 | 851 | −13.30 (−15.06 to −11.54) | 0.34 (0.28–0.42)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 91 | 831 | −13.38 (−15.13 to −11.63) | 0.35 (0.28– 0.43)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 96 | 638 | −11.25 (−13.42 to −9.07) | 0.39 (0.31– 0.48)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 96 | 625 | −11.25 (−13.42 to −9.07) | 0.39 (0.32– 0.49)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 61 | 681 | 0.23 (0.17–0.29)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 198 | 1650 | 0.39 (0.3–0.42)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 90 | 832 | 0.34 (0.2–0.41)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 106 | 919 | 0.42 (0.34–0.51)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 44 | 7822 | 0.38 (0.28–0.50)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 150 | 1316 | 0.39 (0.34–0.48)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 138 | 1165 | 0.33 (0.28–0.39)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 59 | 604 | 0.33 (0.25–0.41)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 158 | 1471 | 0.32 (0.27–0.38)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 71 | 407 | 0.52 (0.41–0.68)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 169 | 1305 | 0.38 (0.31–0.47)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 119 | 1176 | 0.36 (0.32–0.41)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 92 | 730 | 0.36 (0.29–0.37)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC hazard ratio

  decreases

  Metformin | 46 | 543 | 0.30 (0.23–0.39)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC risk difference at 1 year

  decreases

  Metformin | 288 | 2482 | −12.58 (−13.77 to −11.58) | 0.36 (0.32–0.41)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC risk difference at 1 year

  decreases

  Metformin | 283 | 2416 | −12.74 (−13.89 to −11.76) | 0.36 (0.33– 0.41)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC risk difference at 1 year

  decreases

  Metformin | 100 | 993 | −12.88 (−14.60 to −11.15) | 0.38 (0.31– 0.47)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC risk difference at 1 year

  decreases

  Metformin | 96 | 960 | −13.21 (−14.90 to −11.52) | 0.38 (0.31– 0.46)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC risk difference at 1 year

  decreases

  Metformin | 92 | 851 | −13.30 (−15.06 to −11.54) | 0.34 (0.28–0.42)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC risk difference at 1 year

  decreases

  Metformin | 91 | 831 | −13.38 (−15.13 to −11.63) | 0.35 (0.28– 0.43)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC risk difference at 1 year

  decreases

  Metformin | 96 | 638 | −11.25 (−13.42 to −9.07) | 0.39 (0.31– 0.48)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• PCC risk difference at 1 year

  decreases

  Metformin | 96 | 625 | −11.25 (−13.42 to −9.07) | 0.39 (0.32– 0.49)

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) incidence, defined by a PCC diagnostic code or at least one WHO-listed symptom between 90 and 365 days after COVID-19 diagnosis, target-trial-emulation Cox hazard ratio

  decreases

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  we found that the effect of metformin in reducing the incidence of PCC was consistent across all subgroups.

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) incidence, defined by diagnostic code or a WHO-listed symptom 90-365 days after COVID-19 diagnosis, via sequential target trial emulation

  decreases, HR 0.36 (95% CI, 0.32-0.41); RD -12.58%

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  The estimated observational analogue of the ITT RD for PCC events at 1 year was −12.58% (95% CI, −13.77 to −11.58) with HR 0.36 (95% CI, 0.32–0.41).

  PMID:40887815 · one of two readings recorded this

• BMI change per month (kg/m2)

  decreases, p = 0.01

  Change per month | −0.04 [−0.14, 0.09] | −0.43 [−0.60, −0.17] | −0.01 [−0.10, 0.10] | <0.01

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• BMI (kg/m2)

  p = 0.01

  Initial | 36.00 [31.10, 42.20] | 46.37 [35.50, 52.00] | 35.06 [30.65, 41.30] | 0.01

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• BMI (kg/m2)

  p = 0.06

  Final | 34.97 [30.15, 41.50] | 42.17 [33.98, 46.81] | 34.64 [29.75, 41.25] | 0.06

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• BMI (kg/m2)

  decreases, p = 0.01

  Total change | −0.54 [−1.66, 0.95] | −2.52 [−6.64, −1.81] | −0.18 [−1.33, 1.03] | <0.01

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• BMI z-score change per month

  decreases

  Change per month | −0.01 [−0.02, 0.00] | −0.02 [−0.03, −0.01] | −0.01 [−0.02, 0.00]

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• BMI z-score

  Baseline | 2.44 [2.06, 2.68] | 2.61 [2.43, 2.81] | 2.43 [2.03, 2.66]

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• BMI z-score

  Final | 2.32 [1.96, 2.63] | 2.53 [2.20, 2.69] | 2.30 [1.94, 2.63]

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• BMI z-score

  decreases

  Total change | −0.06 [−0.06, −0.06] | −0.12 [−0.23, −0.05] | −0.06 [−0.16, 0.01]

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• change in HbA1c per month and percent BMI change per month, GLP-1 receptor agonist monotherapy versus metformin monotherapy in youth with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

  no effect, β = -1.1%, favoring GLP1, p = 0.308

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  In a model adjusting for gender, age, initial BMI z-score, and initial HbA1c, the change in HbA1c per month favored GLP1 but was not statistically significant (β=−1.1%, p=0.308).

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c change per month (adjusted regression)

  decreases, p = 0.308

  In a model adjusting for gender, age, initial BMI z-score, and initial HbA1c, the change in HbA1c per month favored GLP1 but was not statistically significant (β=−1.1%, p=0.308).

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c change per month (mmol/mol)

  decreases, p = 0.24

  Change per month, mmo/mol | −1.2 [−2.4, −0.4] | −1.7 [−2.5, −1.3] | −1.1 [−2.3, −0.4] | 0.24

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c change per month, regression-adjusted, GLP1 versus metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed youth type 2 diabetes

  no effect, beta=-1.1%, p=0.308, p = 0.308

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  In a model adjusting for gender, age, initial BMI z-score, and initial HbA1c, the change in HbA1c per month favored GLP1 but was not statistically significant (β=−1.1%, p=0.308).

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c change per month (%)

  decreases

  % | −0.11 [−0.22, −0.04] | −0.16 [−0.23, −0.12] | −0.10 [−0.21, −0.04]

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c (mmol/mol)

  p = 0.56

  Baseline, mmol/mol | 52 [50, 65] | 52 [50, 54] | 52 [50, 67] | 0.56

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c (mmol/mol)

  p = 0.03

  Final, mmol/mol | 43 [37, 50] | 36 [34, 43] | 44 [37, 51] | 0.03

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c (mmol/mol)

  decreases, p = 0.11

  Total change, mmol/mol | −9.8 [−16.4, −3.3] | −14.2 [−16.4, −11.3] | −8.7 [−16.4, −3.3] | 0.11

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c target attainment (≤48 mmol/mol, 6.5%)

  p = 0.253

  At the end of the study period, 83 and 67 % of the patients in the GLP1 and metformin groups, respectively, attained an HbA1c≤48 mmol/mol (6.5 %) (p=0.253).

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c (%)

  % | 6.90 [6.70, 8.10] | 6.90 [6.68, 7.12] | 6.90 [6.70, 8.30]

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c (%)

  % | 6.10 [5.50, 6.70] | 5.45 [5.27, 6.12] | 6.20 [5.50, 6.80]

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c (%)

  decreases

  % | −0.90 [−1.5, −0.30] | −1.30 [−1.5, −1.03] | −0.80 [−1.50, −0.30]

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• percent BMI change per month (adjusted regression)

  decreases, p = 0.001

  In a regression model adjusting for gender, age, initial BMI, and initial HbA1c, GLP1 predicted greater reductions in percent BMI change/month (β= −1.08 %, p=0.001).

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• percent BMI reduction (final)

  decreases

  Final percent BMI reduction favored the GLP1 group (GLP1 −5.10 % [−9.98, −3.79], metformin −0.59 % [−4.13, 1.72]; see Figure 2).

  PMID:41204644 · one of two readings recorded this

• 30-day mortality

  decreases, p = 0.001

  The beneficial effects of preoperative metformin use on postoperative mortalities remained significant after IPTW (HR: 0.47, 95% CI [0.31−0.70], P < 0.001 for 30-day mortality and 0.84; 95% CI [0.79−0.90], P < 0.001 for five-year mortality) (Table 2, Fig. 2) and were consistent regardless of the exposure dose (Table 3).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• 30-day mortality

  decreases, p = 0.001

  Before weighting, the 30-day and five-year mortalities after surgery were lower in the metformin group than in the non-metformin group (0.3% vs. 1.0%; P < 0.001 for 30-day mortality and 13.6% vs. 19.7%; P < 0.001 for five-year mortality).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• five-year mortality

  decreases, p = 0.001

  The beneficial effects of preoperative metformin use on postoperative mortalities remained significant after IPTW (HR: 0.47, 95% CI [0.31−0.70], P < 0.001 for 30-day mortality and 0.84; 95% CI [0.79−0.90], P < 0.001 for five-year mortality) (Table 2, Fig. 2) and were consistent regardless of the exposure dose (Table 3).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• five-year mortality

  decreases, p = 0.001

  Before weighting, the 30-day and five-year mortalities after surgery were lower in the metformin group than in the non-metformin group (0.3% vs. 1.0%; P < 0.001 for 30-day mortality and 13.6% vs. 19.7%; P < 0.001 for five-year mortality).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• one-year mortality after surgery

  decreases, p = 0.001

  Further, both low- and high-dose metformin groups demonstrated lower hazards of one-year mortality compared with the non-metformin group (HR: 0.70, 95% CI [0.59−0.83], P < 0.001 in the low-dose group and HR: 0.78, 95% CI [0.68−0.90], P < 0.001 in the high-dose group) (Table 3).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• one-year mortality after surgery

  decreases, p = 0.001

  Further, both low- and high-dose metformin groups demonstrated lower hazards of one-year mortality compared with the non-metformin group (HR: 0.70, 95% CI [0.59−0.83], P < 0.001 in the low-dose group and HR: 0.78, 95% CI [0.68−0.90], P < 0.001 in the high-dose group) (Table 3).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• one-year mortality after surgery

  n = 22944

  The overall mortality within one year after surgery was 5.6% (1275/22 944) in the entire population.

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• one-year mortality after surgery

  decreases, p = 0.001

  After weighting, preoperative metformin use was significantly associated with a reduced risk of one-year mortality (HR: 0.76, 95% CI [0.68−0.85], P < 0.001) (Table 2, Fig. 2).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• one-year mortality after surgery

  decreases, p = 0.001

  The incidence of one-year mortality was 7.4% (766/10 408) in the non-metformin group and 4.1% (509/12 536) in the metformin group (unadjusted HR: 0.54, 95% CI [0.48−0.69], P < 0.001).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• postoperative renal complications

  decreases, p = 0.001

  However, the protective effect of metformin was only valid for the respiratory system and renal system after weighting (OR: 0.76; 95% CI [0.61−0.93], P = 0.01 for respiratory complications and OR: 0.66, 95% CI [0.58−0.74], P < 0.001 for renal complications) (Table 2).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• postoperative respiratory complications

  decreases, p = 0.004

  In particular, the benefit of metformin on the respiratory system was only evident in the high-dose group (OR: 0.69, 95% CI [0.54−0.89], P = 0.004) (Table 3).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• postoperative respiratory complications

  decreases, p = 0.01

  However, the protective effect of metformin was only valid for the respiratory system and renal system after weighting (OR: 0.76; 95% CI [0.61−0.93], P = 0.01 for respiratory complications and OR: 0.66, 95% CI [0.58−0.74], P < 0.001 for renal complications) (Table 2).

  PMID:41208045 · one of two readings recorded this

• abdominal bloating (GI adverse event)

  decreases

  21.0% IR versus 10.5% XR reported frequent bloating.

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• abdominal bloating (GI adverse event)

  The most common baseline symptoms were abdominal bloating (~23% IR vs ~19% XR) and mild nausea (~13% IR vs ~19% XR).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• abdominal pain (GI adverse event)

  no effect

  Abdominal pain: 11.3% IR versus 7.0% XR (not a significant difference).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• any gastrointestinal adverse event

  decreases, p = 0.05

  Notably, only 24.5% of XR patients experienced any GI side effect, compared to 45.2% of IR patients (P <.05).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• constipation (GI adverse event)

  decreases

  Constipation: 4.8% IR versus 0% XR.

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• diarrhea (GI adverse event)

  decreases

  Diarrhea: 4.8% of IR patients versus 0% of XR patients reported episodes of diarrhea in the preceding month.

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• DTR-QOL ADT domain score

  increases, p = 0.007

  ADT | 80.21 (39.58) | 89.58 (18.75) |.007

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• DTR-QOL ADT domain score

  increases, p = 0.007

  Both groups showed reductions in ADT scores (indicating less anxiety) over time, with XR improving from ~80 to ~90, and IR from ~73 to ~80 as well (in fact, identical medians at follow-up, 90 for XR vs ~80 for IR, P =.007).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• DTR-QOL ADT domain score

  increases, p = 0.007

  Both groups showed reductions in ADT scores (indicating less anxiety) over time, with XR improving from ~80 to ~90, and IR from ~73 to ~80 as well (in fact, identical medians at follow-up, 90 for XR vs ~80 for IR, P =.007).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• DTR-QOL BSDA domain score

  no effect, p = 0.278

  BSDA | 91.03 (24.36) | 93.59 (5.13) |.278

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• DTR-QOL BSDA domain score

  increases, p = 0.05

  The IR group improved from baseline (~78 to 91, P <.05 within group), and the XR improved from ~90 to ~94 (P <.001).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• DTR-QOL BSDA domain score

  increases, p = 0.001

  The IR group improved from baseline (~78 to 91, P <.05 within group), and the XR improved from ~90 to ~94 (P <.001).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• DTR-QOL HG domain score

  no effect, p = 0.609

  HG | 100.00 (8.33) | 100.00 (6.25) |.609

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• DTR-QOL ST domain score

  no effect, p = 0.226

  ST | 100.00 (20.83) | 87.50 (50.00) |.226

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global DTR-QOL score

  no effect, p = 0.39

  Global DTR-QOL score | 84.74 (22.52) | 87.50 (17.15) |.390

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global DTR-QOL score

  increases

  The global DTR-QOL score significantly improved in both groups (IR from ~67 to ~85, XR from ~78 to ~88).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global DTR-QOL score

  increases

  The global DTR-QOL score significantly improved in both groups (IR from ~67 to ~85, XR from ~78 to ~88).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global GI symptom score

  no effect, p = 0.607

  The global GI score was comparable between the 2 groups (P =.607).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global GI symptom score

  decreases, p = 0.029

  At 6 months, the between-group difference in median GI global score was statistically significant (P =.029), with lower GI side effects observed in the XR group.

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global GI symptom score

  decreases, p = 0.016

  For IR, the mean went from ~21.8 at baseline to 15.9 at 6 months (paired t = 2.48, P =.016, indicating a modest improvement after initial acclimation).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global GI symptom score

  decreases, p = 0.001

  For XR, the median decreased from 25 at baseline to ~8 at 6 months (a significant drop, P <.001).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global OHA-Q ver. 2 score

  increases, p = 0.003

  Global OHA-Q ver. 2 score | 86.31 (26.94) | 92.59 (7.63) |.003

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global OHA-Q ver. 2 score

  increases

  The global OHA-Q ver. 2 score significantly improved in both groups (IR from ~70 to ~82, XR from ~72 to ~93).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• global OHA-Q ver. 2 score

  increases

  The global OHA-Q ver. 2 score significantly improved in both groups (IR from ~70 to ~82, XR from ~72 to ~93).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• incidence of any gastrointestinal adverse effect at 6 months, patient-reported

  decreases, 24.5% (XR) vs 45.2% (IR), P <.05

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  Notably, only 24.5% of XR patients experienced any GI side effect, compared to 45.2% of IR patients (P <.05).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events, DTR-QOL quality-of-life score, and OHA-Q ver. 2 treatment-satisfaction score, immediate-release metformin versus extended-release metformin

  decreases, 24.5% (XR) vs 45.2% (IR) reporting any GI side effect

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  In other words, the proportion of patients experiencing GI problems was significantly lower with XR (24.5%) compared to IR (45.2%) at follow-up.

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• nausea (GI adverse event)

  no effect

  Nausea: Interestingly, 3.2% of the IR group versus 7.0% of the XR group reported nausea at 6 months.

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• nausea (GI adverse event)

  The most common baseline symptoms were abdominal bloating (~23% IR vs ~19% XR) and mild nausea (~13% IR vs ~19% XR).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 SF subscale score

  increases, p = 0.001

  SF | 77.78 (44.44) | 100.00 (22.22) |.001

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 SF subscale score

  increases

  By 6 months, this subscale had improved in both groups (the IR group mean increased from ~69 to ~79, and the XR median rose from ~78 to 100 on a 0–100 scale).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 SF subscale score

  increases

  By 6 months, this subscale had improved in both groups (the IR group mean increased from ~69 to ~79, and the XR median rose from ~78 to 100 on a 0–100 scale).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 SS subscale score

  increases, p = 0.004

  SS | 78.79 (34.09) | 90.91 (12.12) |.004

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 SS subscale score

  increases, p = 0.002

  In our results, the within-group changes showed better improvements in this subscale for both groups (P =.002 for the IR group and P <.001 for the XR group).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 SS subscale score

  increases, p = 0.001

  In our results, the within-group changes showed better improvements in this subscale for both groups (P =.002 for the IR group and P <.001 for the XR group).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 TC subscale score

  no effect, p = 0.615

  TC | 94.44 (12.04) | 96.30 (14.81) |.615

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 TC subscale score

  increases, p = 0.001

  The IR group improved from baseline (~74 to 94, P =.001 within group), and the XR improved from ~81 to ~96 (P <.001).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• OHA-Q ver. 2 TC subscale score

  increases, p = 0.001

  The IR group improved from baseline (~74 to 94, P =.001 within group), and the XR improved from ~81 to ~96 (P <.001).

  PMID:41559978 · one of two readings recorded this

• change in serum lactic acid from baseline to 16 weeks, primary non-inferiority endpoint

  no effect, -0.09 [-0.28, 0.10] mmol/L, n = 38

  Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

  The change in serum lactic acid levels from baseline to 16 weeks, the primary endpoint, and the 95% confidence interval were −0.09 [−0.28, 0.10] mmol/L, with the 95% confidence interval not exceeding the pre‐specified non‐inferiority margin (0.7 mmol/L).

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• change in serum lactic acid levels from baseline to 16 weeks of anagliptin/metformin combination tablet treatment (primary non-inferiority endpoint), single-arm open-label study with no control group

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: the result compares a group with itself, not with a control

  No significant differences occurred in the change in serum lactic acid levels during all observation periods.

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• correlation between plasma metformin and eGFRcr change

  p = 0.021

  Week 4 | −0.377 | 0.021

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• correlation between plasma metformin and eGFRcr change

  p = 0.034

  Week 8 | −0.346 | 0.034

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• correlation between plasma metformin and eGFRcys change

  p = 0.018

  Week 4 | −0.386 | 0.018

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• eGFRcys greater than eGFRcr

  n = 152

  In 144/152 (95%), eGFRcys was greater than eGFRcr

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum lactic acid >2.5 mmol/L incidence

  Serum lactic acid levels exceeded 2.5 mmol/L in four participants (10.5%) and 5.0 mmol/L in one participant (2.6%) during the observation period

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum lactic acid >5.0 mmol/L incidence

  Serum lactic acid levels exceeded 2.5 mmol/L in four participants (10.5%) and 5.0 mmol/L in one participant (2.6%) during the observation period

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum lactic acid change from baseline

  n = 4

  Adverse event occurrence (n = 4) | 0.03 ± 0.22 | −0.21 ± 0.38 † | 0.25 ± 0.20 | 0.240 ± 0.057 | 0.260 ± 0.229 | 0.373 ± 0.208

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum lactic acid change from baseline

  n = 31

  No adverse events (n = 31) | −0.15 ± 0.67 | −0.08 ± 0.70 | −0.16 ± 0.60 | 0.322 ± 0.215 ‡ | 0.485 ± 0.304 | 0.587 ± 0.530 ‡

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum lactic acid change from baseline

  no effect, n = 38

  The change in serum lactic acid levels from baseline to 16 weeks, the primary endpoint, and the 95% confidence interval were −0.09 [−0.28, 0.10] mmol/L, with the 95% confidence interval not exceeding the pre‐specified non‐inferiority margin (0.7 mmol/L)

  PMID:41641475 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum albumin

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Additionally, serum albumin levels decreased significantly from 4.97 ± 1.63 g/dL at baseline to 4.58 ± 1.38 g/dL at 12 weeks (5.09% reduction, p < 0.0001) with mean change of –0.39 g/dL [95% CI: –0.44 to –0.35].

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum albumin

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Sr. Albumin (g/dL) | PB Week 12 - Baseline | -0.39 | 0.82 | 0.02 | -0.44 | -0.35 | <0.0001

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 1-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG-1h)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Similarly, 1-hour PPG decreased from 254.73 ± 53.01 mg/dL at baseline to 213.95 ± 49.92 mg/dL at 4 weeks (15.20% reduction, p < 0.0001) and 188.93 ± 42.90 mg/dL at 12 weeks (24.21% reduction, p < 0.0001) with mean change at Week 12 was –65.81 mg/dL [95% CI: –68.78 to –62.83]

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 1-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG-1h)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Similarly, 1-hour PPG decreased from 254.73 ± 53.01 mg/dL at baseline to 213.95 ± 49.92 mg/dL at 4 weeks (15.20% reduction, p < 0.0001) and 188.93 ± 42.90 mg/dL at 12 weeks (24.21% reduction, p < 0.0001) with mean change at Week 12 was –65.81 mg/dL [95% CI: –68.78 to –62.83]

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 1-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG-1h)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  PPG (mg/dL) | PB Week 12 - Baseline | -65.81 | 53.34 | 1.52 | -68.78 | -62.83 | <0.0001

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 1-hour PPG responder rate (<200 mg/dL)

  p = 0.0001

  Additionally, 71.42% of participants achieved the 1-hour PPG target of <200 mg/dL, showing an average reduction of 72.90 mg/dL (27.94% reduction; 95% CI: –76.53 to –69.27; p < 0.0001),

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 1-hour PPG responder rate (<200 mg/dL)

  p = 0.0001

  In terms of PPG control, 71.66% of patients achieved the 1-hour target of less than 200 mg/dL, with a reduction of 72.38 mg/dL (27.81% reduction; p < 0.0001) and 75.47% of patients showed reduction in 2-hour PPG levels, with a decrease of 59.39 mg/dL (24.76% reduction; p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG-2h)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  while 2-hour PPG dropped from 234.74 ± 50.40 mg/dL to 205.77 ± 48.22 mg/dL at 4 weeks (12.04% reduction, p < 0.0001) and 179.40 ± 42.51 mg/dL at 12 weeks (21.94% reduction, p < 0.0001) with a mean change of –55.34 mg/dL [95% CI: –58.04 to –52.64].

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG-2h)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  while 2-hour PPG dropped from 234.74 ± 50.40 mg/dL to 205.77 ± 48.22 mg/dL at 4 weeks (12.04% reduction, p < 0.0001) and 179.40 ± 42.51 mg/dL at 12 weeks (21.94% reduction, p < 0.0001) with a mean change of –55.34 mg/dL [95% CI: –58.04 to –52.64].

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG-2h)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  PPG (mg/dL) | PB Week 12 - Baseline | -55.34 | 48.40 | 1.38 | -58.04 | -52.64 | <0.0001

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 2-hour PPG responder rate

  p = 0.0001

  while 75.73% showed improvement in 2-hour PPG levels with a mean reduction of 59.68 mg/dL (24.85% reduction; 95% CI: –62.81 to –56.55 p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• 2-hour PPG responder rate

  p = 0.0001

  In terms of PPG control, 71.66% of patients achieved the 1-hour target of less than 200 mg/dL, with a reduction of 72.38 mg/dL (27.81% reduction; p < 0.0001) and 75.47% of patients showed reduction in 2-hour PPG levels, with a decrease of 59.39 mg/dL (24.76% reduction; p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• body weight

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Furthermore, body weight also showed a significant reduction from 75.99 ± 8.67 kg at baseline to 74.76 ± 9.07 kg at 4 weeks (1.60% reduction, p < 0.0001) and 73.51 ± 8.72 kg at 12 weeks (3.18% reduction, p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• body weight

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Furthermore, body weight also showed a significant reduction from 75.99 ± 8.67 kg at baseline to 74.76 ± 9.07 kg at 4 weeks (1.60% reduction, p < 0.0001) and 73.51 ± 8.72 kg at 12 weeks (3.18% reduction, p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• body weight

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  PB Week 12 - Baseline | -2.48 | 3.94 | 0.11 | -2.70 | -2.26 | <0.0001

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• body weight

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Weight (kg) | PB Week 4 - Baseline | -1.22 | 3.48 | 0.10 | -1.42 | -1.03 | <0.0001

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• cardiovascular comorbidity prevalence at baseline

  n = 636

  Notably, despite a high prevalence of comorbid cardiovascular conditions (50.67%, n = 636), no cardiovascular-related adverse events were reported indicating a good cardiovascular safety profile of the treatment regimen.

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• fasting blood glucose (FBG)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels declined from 188.02 ± 47.15 mg/dL at baseline to 168.54 ± 44.77 mg/dL at Week 4 and 146.01 ± 41.53 mg/dL at Week 12, corresponding to reductions of 10.44% and 21.67% respectively (P < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• fasting blood glucose (FBG)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels declined from 188.02 ± 47.15 mg/dL at baseline to 168.54 ± 44.77 mg/dL at Week 4 and 146.01 ± 41.53 mg/dL at Week 12, corresponding to reductions of 10.44% and 21.67% respectively (P < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• fasting blood glucose (FBG)

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  FBG (mg/dL) | PB Week 12 - Baseline | -42.01 | 33.70 | 0.96 | -43.89 | -40.13 | <0.0001

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• FBG responder rate (<126 mg/dL)

  p = 0.0001

  For FBG, 32.98% reached target levels of <126 mg/dL with a mean decrease of 59.65 mg/dL (33.52% reduction; 95% CI: –63.55 to –55.75; p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• FBG responder rate (<126 mg/dL)

  p = 0.0001

  For FBG, 32.63% of patients reached target levels of less than 126 mg/dL, with a mean decrease of 58.90 mg/dL (33.32% reduction; p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c change from baseline to 12 weeks of triple fixed-dose-combination therapy

  decreases, n = 1235

  Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

  Mean HbA1c levels significantly dropped from 8.20 ± 0.60% at baseline to 7.06 ± 0.76% after 12 weeks of therapy (13.65% reduction, p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c responder rate (<6.5%)

  p = 0.0001, n = 1137

  In participants with a BMI ≥ 23 kg/m² (n = 1137), 17.68% achieved HbA1c levels below 6.5%, with an average reduction of 2.10% (25.41% decrease; 95% CI: –2.21 to –1.99; p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c responder rate (<6.5%)

  p = 0.0001

  Specifically, 17.33% of patients achieved HbA1c levels below 6.5%, with an average reduction of 2.08 (25.29% reduction; p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Mean HbA1c levels significantly dropped from 8.20 ± 0.60% at baseline to 7.06 ± 0.76% after 12 weeks of therapy (13.65% reduction, p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  HbA1c (%) | PB Week 12 - Baseline | -1.13 | 0.72 | 0.02 | -1.17 | -1.09 | <0.0001

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• mean change in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, 1-hour and 2-hour postprandial glucose, and body weight from baseline to 12 weeks

  decreases, HbA1c 8.20 ± 0.60% to 7.06 ± 0.76% (13.65% reduction)

  Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

  Mean HbA1c levels significantly dropped from 8.20 ± 0.60% at baseline to 7.06 ± 0.76% after 12 weeks of therapy (13.65% reduction, p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• multivariate association with glycaemic/clinical outcomes (Wilks' Lambda)

  p = 0.382

  Age | 0.997 | 0.382 | Not significant

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• multivariate association with glycaemic/clinical outcomes (Wilks' Lambda)

  p = 0.001

  Baseline_BMI | 0.979 | < 0.001 | Mild but significant effect

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• multivariate association with glycaemic/clinical outcomes (Wilks' Lambda)

  p = 0.001

  Baseline_FBG | 0.688 | < 0.001 | Very strong multivariate predictor

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• multivariate association with glycaemic/clinical outcomes (Wilks' Lambda)

  p = 0.001

  Baseline_HbA1c | 0.875 | < 0.001 | Significant effect on multivariate outcomes

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• multivariate association with glycaemic/clinical outcomes (Wilks' Lambda)

  p = 0.001

  Baseline_PPG_1hr | 0.543 | < 0.001 | Extremely strong predictor

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• multivariate association with glycaemic/clinical outcomes (Wilks' Lambda)

  p = 0.001

  Baseline_PPG_2hr | 0.528 | < 0.001 | Extremely strong predictor

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• multivariate association with glycaemic/clinical outcomes (Wilks' Lambda)

  p = 0.001

  Baseline_Weight | 0.987 | < 0.001 | Small but significant effect

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• multivariate association with glycaemic/clinical outcomes (Wilks' Lambda)

  p = 0.185

  Gender | 0.995 | 0.185 | Not significant

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• patient satisfaction (good/very good rating)

  Patient-reported outcomes revealed a high level of satisfaction with the treatment regimen with 96.92% of patients rating their experience as “good” or “very good” (62.43% and 34.49%, respectively).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum creatinine

  decreases, p = 0.0001

  Sr. Creatinine (mg/dL) | PB Week 12 - Baseline | -0.23 | 0.86 | 0.02 | -0.27 | -0.18 | <0.0001

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• treatment adherence

  Additionally, treatment adherence was excellent with 90.04% of patients demonstrating adherence to the prescribed 12-week treatment regimen.

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• weight responder rate (weight loss)

  p = 0.0001

  For weight reduction, 78.72% of participants with a BMI ≥ 23 kg/m² achieved a 4.02 kg weight loss (5.17% reduction; 95% CI: –4.20 to –3.85; p < 0.0001),

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• weight responder rate (weight loss)

  p = 0.0001

  Additionally, 77.81% of participants experienced an average weight loss of 3.97 kg (5.18% reduction; p < 0.0001).

  PMID:41650186 · one of two readings recorded this

• Genital infection incidence at Week 52

  increases, RR 5.08 (95% CI 3.49, 7.38)

  However, for the risk of genital infection, patients on SGLT‐2i plus metformin had five times higher risk compared to other dual therapies at Week 52 (RR: 5.08; 95% CI: 3.49, 7.38; Figure S4b).

  PMID:41676958 · one of two readings recorded this

• HbA1c change from baseline, body weight change, hypoglycaemia, genital infection, urinary tract infection - SGLT-2 inhibitor plus metformin versus other metformin-containing dual therapies (DPP-4 inhibitor, sulfonylurea, or GLP-1 receptor agonist plus metformin)

  decreases, MD -2.59 (95% CI -4.42, -0.77)

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  However, by Week 52, patients on SGLT‐2i plus metformin had significantly greater reductions in weight than patients on other dual therapies (MD: –2.59; 95% CI: −4.42, −0.77; Figure 3b).

  PMID:41676958 · one of two readings recorded this

The whole record — 372 rows