D-mannitol

• Glutathione (GSH) level after 48 h

  decreases

  A 48-h incubation with high glucose substantially reduced glutathione (GSH) levels compared with normoglycemic VSMCs

  PMID:10727667 · one of two readings recorded this

• Glutathione (GSH) level after 48 h

  increases

  whereas mannitol significantly increased GSH levels

  PMID:10727667 · one of two readings recorded this

• NF-kappaB activity (reporter), acute

  increases

  Within 3-h incubation, high glucose (27.5 or 55 mmol/l) alone induced an increase in NF-kappaB activity in VSMCs

  PMID:10727667 · one of two readings recorded this

• NF-kappaB activity (reporter), acute

  increases

  this increase was mimicked by mannitol given to deliver the same osmolar stress to the cells

  PMID:10727667 · one of two readings recorded this

• TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation

  decreases

  An antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine and a selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X significantly suppressed the TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation

  PMID:10727667 · one of two readings recorded this

• TNFalpha-stimulated NF-kappaB activation after 48 h

  increases

  Incubation with high glucose for 48 h followed by stimulation with TNFalpha led to a marked potentiation of NF-kappaB activation compared with normoglycemic (5.5 mmol/l) VSMCs exposed to TNFalpha

  PMID:10727667 · one of two readings recorded this

• TNFalpha-stimulated NF-kappaB activation after 48 h

  decreases

  while mannitol attenuated this effect

  PMID:10727667 · one of two readings recorded this

• TNFalpha-stimulated NF-kappaB activity, acute

  increases

  High glucose or mannitol also enhanced TNFalpha-stimulated NF-kappaB activity

  PMID:10727667 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality (death)

  RR for death = 0.83; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.46 (ICP-directed therapy vs standard care)

  One trial compared ICP-directed therapy to 'standard care' (RR for death= 0.83; 95% CI 0.47;1.46).

  PMID:10796744 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, ICP-directed therapy versus standard care

  RR for death= 0.83; 95% CI 0.47-1.46

  One trial compared ICP-directed therapy to 'standard care' (RR for death= 0.83; 95% CI 0.47;1.46).

  PMID:10796744 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus other ICP-lowering agents

  No trials compared mannitol to other ICP lowering agents.

  PMID:10796744 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus pentobarbital and other approaches to intracranial-pressure-lowering therapy after acute traumatic brain injury

  RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52-1.38, mannitol versus pentobarbital

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  One trial compared mannitol to pentobarbital (RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0. 52;1.38).

  PMID:10796744 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus pentobarbital

  RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52-1.38

  One trial compared mannitol to pentobarbital (RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0. 52;1.38).

  PMID:10796744 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, pre-hospital mannitol versus placebo

  RR for death=1.59; 95% CI 0.44-5.79

  One trial tested the effectiveness of pre-hospital administration of mannitol against placebo (RR for death=1.59; 95% CI 0.44;5.79).

  PMID:10796744 · one of two readings recorded this

• intracranial pressure control (guideline recommendation on mannitol use, not a discrete quantitative endpoint)

  decreases

  Not recorded as a finding: a design this vocabulary does not classify

  Mannitol is effective in reducing ICP, and its use is recommended as a guideline in the management of traumatic intracranial hypertension.

  PMID:10937895 · one of two readings recorded this

• intracranial pressure (ICP) control / effectiveness of mannitol, guideline recommendation without primary trial data reported

  decreases

  Not recorded as a finding: a design this vocabulary does not classify

  Mannitol is effective in reducing ICP, and its use is recommended as a guideline in the management of traumatic intracranial hypertension.

  PMID:10937895 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality, dependency, and side effects after acute stroke

  Case fatality, the proportion of dependent patients, and side effects were not reported and were not available from the investigators.

  PMID:11062300 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality, proportion of dependent patients, and side effects after acute ischemic stroke or cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage treated with mannitol

  Not recorded as a finding: no estimate is reported anywhere

  As a result of lack of appropriate randomized trials, currently no conclusion can be drawn on the effects of mannitol in acute stroke.

  PMID:11062300 · one of two readings recorded this

• contractile rate, ileum (dogs)

  decreases

  decreases in the ileum occurred primarily by a decrease in contractile rate

  PMID:1117429 · one of two readings recorded this

• force per contraction, antrum (dogs)

  decreases

  antral decreases could be attributed primarily to a decrease in force per contraction

  PMID:1117429 · one of two readings recorded this

• net water absorption (everted hamster jejunum)

  decreases

  Magnesium sulfate, like mannitol, only reduced net water absorption when present as a component of a hypertonic mucosal solution

  PMID:1117429 · one of two readings recorded this

• net water absorption (everted hamster jejunum)

  decreases

  Magnesium sulfate, like mannitol, only reduced net water absorption when present as a component of a hypertonic mucosal solution

  PMID:1117429 · one of two readings recorded this

• net water and electrolyte absorption in everted segments of hamster jejunum, in vitro, isotonic versus hypertonic mannitol

  decreases

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Magnesium sulfate, like mannitol, only reduced net water absorption when present as a component of a hypertonic mucosal solution.

  PMID:1117429 · one of two readings recorded this

• net water transport (everted hamster jejunum)

  decreases, p = 0.01

  Sodium ricinoleate (2.0 mM) reduced net water transport by 48 percent (P smaller than .01)

  PMID:1117429 · one of two readings recorded this

• proximal colonic activity (dogs)

  decreases

  Proximal colonic activity tended to decrease after laxatives and feeding

  PMID:1117429 · one of two readings recorded this

• total contractile activity, antrum and ileum (dogs)

  decreases

  Decreases in total activity were found for both cathartics in the antrum and ileum

  PMID:1117429 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality and dependency after acute ischaemic stroke or cerebral parenchymal haemorrhage, mannitol versus placebo or open control

  Not recorded as a finding: no estimate is reported anywhere

  Neither beneficial nor harmful effects of mannitol could be proved.

  PMID:11279707 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality and dependency after acute ischaemic stroke or cerebral parenchymal haemorrhage

  n = 77

  The number of included patients was small (36 treated and 41 controls) and the follow up was short.

  PMID:11279707 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality and dependency after acute stroke

  n = 77

  Neither beneficial nor harmful effects of mannitol could be proved.

  PMID:11279707 · one of two readings recorded this

• short and long-term case fatality and dependency after acute ischaemic stroke or cerebral parenchymal haemorrhage

  n = 77

  Not recorded as a finding: no estimate is reported anywhere

  The number of included patients was small (36 treated and 41 controls) and the follow up was short.

  PMID:11279707 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality and death-or-severe-disability, high-dose versus conventional-dose mannitol, in patients with acute intracranial haemorrhage managed pre-operatively

  decreases, RR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.36-0.84 for mortality and RR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.45-0.74 for death or severe disability, high-dose versus conventional-dose mannitol

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  In the pre-operative management of patients with acute intracranial haemorrhage the administration of high-dose mannitol resulted in reduced mortality (RR=0.55; 95%CI 0.36, 0.84) and reduced death and severe disability (RR=0.58; 95%CI 0.45, 0.74) when compared with conventional-dose mannitol.

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality (death)

  decreases, RR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.84 (high-dose vs conventional-dose mannitol)

  In the pre-operative management of patients with acute intracranial haemorrhage the administration of high-dose mannitol resulted in reduced mortality (RR=0.55; 95%CI 0.36, 0.84) and reduced death and severe disability (RR=0.58; 95%CI 0.45, 0.74) when compared with conventional-dose mannitol.

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, high-dose versus conventional-dose mannitol

  decreases, RR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.36-0.84

  In the pre-operative management of patients with acute intracranial haemorrhage the administration of high-dose mannitol resulted in reduced mortality (RR=0.55; 95%CI 0.36, 0.84) and reduced death and severe disability (RR=0.58; 95%CI 0.45, 0.74) when compared with conventional-dose mannitol.

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, ICP-directed therapy versus standard care

  RR for death= 0.83; 95%CI 0.47-1.46

  One trial compared ICP-directed therapy to 'standard care' (RR for death= 0.83; 95%CI 0.47,1.46).

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus other ICP-lowering agents

  No trials compared mannitol to other ICP-lowering agents.

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus pentobarbital

  RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52-1.38

  One trial compared mannitol to pentobarbital (RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52, 1.38).

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, pre-hospital mannitol versus placebo

  RR for death=1.75; 95% CI 0.48-6.38

  One trial tested the effectiveness of pre-hospital administration of mannitol against placebo (RR for death=1.75; 95% CI 0.48, 6.38).

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• death and severe disability composite

  decreases, RR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.74 (high-dose vs conventional-dose mannitol)

  In the pre-operative management of patients with acute intracranial haemorrhage the administration of high-dose mannitol resulted in reduced mortality (RR=0.55; 95%CI 0.36, 0.84) and reduced death and severe disability (RR=0.58; 95%CI 0.45, 0.74) when compared with conventional-dose mannitol.

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• death or severe disability, high-dose versus conventional-dose mannitol

  decreases, RR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.45-0.74

  In the pre-operative management of patients with acute intracranial haemorrhage the administration of high-dose mannitol resulted in reduced mortality (RR=0.55; 95%CI 0.36, 0.84) and reduced death and severe disability (RR=0.58; 95%CI 0.45, 0.74) when compared with conventional-dose mannitol.

  PMID:12804397 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality and treatment outcomes in children and adults with cerebral malaria given mannitol or urea as adjunct therapy

  Not recorded as a finding: no estimate is reported anywhere

  We identified no randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials to support or refute the use of mannitol or urea as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria in clinical practice.

  PMID:15495121 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality / treatment outcomes with mannitol or urea adjunct therapy for cerebral malaria

  We identified no randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials to support or refute the use of mannitol or urea as adjuncts for treating cerebral malaria in clinical practice.

  PMID:15495121 · one of two readings recorded this

• clinical outcome of treating cerebral malaria with mannitol or urea as adjunct therapy

  No trials met the inclusion criteria.

  PMID:15495121 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, ICP-directed therapy versus standard care

  RR for death= 0.83; 95% CI 0.47-1.46

  One trial compared ICP-directed therapy to 'standard care' (RR for death= 0.83; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.46).

  PMID:16235278 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus hypertonic saline

  RR for death= 1.25; 95% CI 0.47-3.33

  One trial compared mannitol to hypertonic saline (RR for death= 1.25; 95% CI 0.47 to 3.33).

  PMID:16235278 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus pentobarbital

  RR for death= 0.85; 95% CI 0.52-1.38

  One trial compared mannitol to pentobarbital (RR for death= 0.85; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.38).

  PMID:16235278 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, pre-hospital mannitol versus placebo

  RR for death= 1.75; 95% CI 0.48-6.38

  One trial tested the effectiveness of pre-hospital administration of mannitol against placebo (RR for death= 1.75; 95% CI 0.48 to 6.38).

  PMID:16235278 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality (death)

  RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.38 (mannitol vs pentobarbital)

  One trial compared mannitol to pentobarbital (RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.38).

  PMID:17253453 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality following different mannitol therapy regimens, mannitol compared with other intracranial-pressure-lowering agents, and mannitol given at different times after acute traumatic brain injury

  RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52-1.38, mannitol versus pentobarbital

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  One trial compared mannitol to pentobarbital (RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.38).

  PMID:17253453 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, ICP-directed therapy versus standard care

  RR for death = 0.83; 95% CI 0.47-1.46

  One trial compared ICP-directed therapy to 'standard care' (RR for death = 0.83; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.46).

  PMID:17253453 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus hypertonic saline

  RR for death = 1.25; 95% CI 0.47-3.33

  One trial compared mannitol to hypertonic saline (RR for death = 1.25; 95% CI 0.47 to 3.33).

  PMID:17253453 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, mannitol versus pentobarbital

  RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52-1.38

  One trial compared mannitol to pentobarbital (RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.38).

  PMID:17253453 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, pre-hospital mannitol versus placebo

  RR for death = 1.75; 95% CI 0.48-6.38

  One trial tested the effectiveness of pre-hospital administration of mannitol against placebo (RR for death = 1.75; 95% CI 0.48 to 6.38).

  PMID:17253453 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality (death) and functional worsening/dependency in acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage, individual trial comparisons narrated rather than pooled

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: a review that discusses its trials without pooling them

  Case fatality did not differ between the mannitol and control groups in the ICH trials.

  PMID:17636655 · one of two readings recorded this

• case fatality (death), mannitol vs control, in intracerebral haemorrhage trials

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: a review that discusses its trials without pooling them

  Case fatality did not differ between the mannitol and control groups in the ICH trials.

  PMID:17636655 · one of two readings recorded this

• change in intracranial pressure (delta ICP) as a function of mannitol dose, meta-regression across dose-response studies

  delta ICP = 6.6 x dose - 1.1, weak linear relationship, R2 = 0.05, p = 0.27

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Meta-regression found a weak linear relationship between change in ICP (delta ICP) and dose (delta ICP = 6.6 x dose - 1.1; p = 0.27, R(2) = 0.05).

  PMID:18173314 · one of two readings recorded this

• intracranial pressure change (delta ICP) in relation to mannitol dose, meta-regression across 18 studies

  delta ICP = 6.6 x dose - 1.1; p = 0.27, R(2) = 0.05, p = 0.27

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Meta-regression found a weak linear relationship between change in ICP (delta ICP) and dose (delta ICP = 6.6 x dose - 1.1; p = 0.27, R(2) = 0.05).

  PMID:18173314 · one of two readings recorded this

• contrast-induced nephropathy, defined as a 0.5-mg/dL absolute or 25% relative increase in creatinine within 48 hours of coronary angiography

  increases, Contrast-induced nephropathy occurred in 23 (50%) intervention patients versus 13 (28%) controls (relative risk, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 3.05; P = 0.03; adjusted odds ratio, 3.73; P = 0.03)., p = 0.03, n = 92

  Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

  Contrast-induced nephropathy occurred in 23 (50%) intervention patients versus 13 (28%) controls (relative risk, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 3.05; P = 0.03; adjusted odds ratio, 3.73; P = 0.03).

  PMID:19535188 · one of two readings recorded this

• contrast-induced nephropathy incidence, defined by a rise in serum creatinine of at least 0.5 mg/dL or 25%, within 48 hours of coronary angiography

  increases, relative risk 1.77 (95% CI 1.03 to 3.05), P = 0.03; adjusted odds ratio 3.73, P = 0.03, p = 0.03, n = 92

  Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

  Contrast-induced nephropathy occurred in 23 (50%) intervention patients versus 13 (28%) controls (relative risk, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 3.05; P = 0.03; adjusted odds ratio, 3.73; P = 0.03).

  PMID:19535188 · one of two readings recorded this

• Pancreas and renal perfusion pressure

  increases

  Pancreas and renal perfusion pressures increased by >50% in the ischemia group immediately upon reperfusion

  PMID:19628223 · one of two readings recorded this

• Perfusion pressure

  no effect

  Conversely, perfusion pressure in the treatment group was not significantly different from the control

  PMID:19628223 · one of two readings recorded this

• Reduced glutathione level and xanthine oxidase

  increases

  The reduced glutathione level increased significantly, as did XO, immediately upon starting reperfusion in both organs appertaining to the ischemic group

  PMID:19628223 · one of two readings recorded this

• Urine output

  decreases

  Urine output was severely reduced in the IR kidneys

  PMID:19628223 · one of two readings recorded this

• alpha-gustducin mRNA regional variation

  modulates, p = 0.006

  as did α-gustducin (P = 0.006, peaking in midsmall bowel)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• GLUT2 mRNA and total cell protein

  no effect, p = 0.17

  This response was specific to SGLT1, with no measured change in the levels of facilitated glucose transporter GLUT2 mRNA or total cell protein (P ≥ 0.17, Fig. 1B)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 expression after D-glucose infusion

  unclear, p = 0.093

  however, the increase did not reach significance, indicating that the response is more modest in the distal segments (2.2 ± 0.5-fold up-regulation, P = 0.093 vs. water, P = 0.35 vs. glucose)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 expression after D-glucose infusion

  increases, p = 0.012

  with a 2.7 ± 0.4-fold up-regulation in SGLT1 expression (P = 0.012 compared with whole intestinal infusion of water, P = 0.76 compared with whole intestinal infusion of glucose)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 expression after D-glucose infusion

  increases, p = 0.0029

  Infusion of proximal jejunum gave similar results, with 2.9 ± 0.2-fold up-regulation of SGLT1 (P = 0.0029 vs. water, P = 0.94 vs. glucose)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 mRNA

  no effect, p = 0.29

  This was mediated by post-transcriptional mechanisms as there was no observed change in mRNA signal (0.85 ± 0.1-fold change, P = 0.29, Fig. 1A)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 protein signal in rat jejunal mucosa after 3-hour intestinal infusion, Western blot densitometry

  no effect, indistinguishable from water infusion, p = 0.63

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Mannitol infusion yielded an SGLT1 protein signal indistinguishable from water infusion (P = 0.63, Fig. 1C).

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 protein

  increases, p = 0.0035

  Infusion of 250 mM D-fructose led to an up-regulation of SGLT1 protein similar to D-glucose, with a 2.3 ± 0.2-fold increase in SGLT1 expression after 3-hour (: P = 0.0035 vs. water; P = 0.42 vs. D-glucose)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 protein

  no effect, p = 0.63

  Mannitol infusion yielded an SGLT1 protein signal indistinguishable from water infusion (P = 0.63, Fig. 1C)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 response to D-glucose infusion

  no effect, p = 0.98

  De-afferentation of the vagus entirely blocked the response to D-glucose infusion (1.0 ± 0.2-fold change, P = 0.98)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 response to D-glucose infusion

  no effect, p = 0.14

  with D-glucose infusion in the presence of ondansetron inducing a nonsignificant 1.8± 0.4-fold increase in SGLT1 (P = 0.14) compared with water infusion under the same conditions

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 total cellular protein

  increases, p = 0.013

  Infusion of the intestine with D-glucose for 3 hours during normal fasting periods led to a rapid up-regulation of total cellular SGLT1 (2.9 ± 0.6-fold increase, P = 0.013) compared with infusion of water alone

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• SGLT1 whole cell protein

  increases, p = 0.003

  Infusion of 0.3% saccharin induced a 2.2 ± 0.2-fold increase in SGLT1 whole cell protein expression (: P = 0.003 vs. water; P = 0.29 vs. D-glucose)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• T1R2 mRNA regional variation

  no effect, p = 0.081

  T1R2 was also predominantly expressed in the proximal bowel, although this variation in expression topography did not reach significance (P = 0.081)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• T1R3 mRNA regional variation

  modulates, p = 0.034

  T1R3 showed a clear regional variation, peaking in proximal jejunum (P = 0.0340, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA)

  PMID:20395849 · one of two readings recorded this

• mannitol crystallization yield from fermentation broth

  180 g l(-1) crystallized

  Not recorded as a finding: a review that discusses its trials without pooling them

  Mannitol at 180 g l(-1) can be crystallized out from the fermentation broth by cooling crystallization.

  PMID:21063702 · one of two readings recorded this

• mannitol production yield from fermentation broth

  180 g l(-1) crystallized

  Mannitol at 180 g l(-1) can be crystallized out from the fermentation broth by cooling crystallization.

  PMID:21063702 · one of two readings recorded this

• onset of acute oliguric renal failure

  developed within 3.5 +/- 1.1 days, n = 8

  In the present series, acute oliguric renal failure developed within 3.5 +/- 1.1 (mean +/- SD) days after receiving daily and total mannitol doses of 189 +/- 64 g and 626 +/- 270 g, respectively, over 3.5 +/- 1.5 days.

  PMID:2111870 · one of two readings recorded this

• peak serum creatinine in patients with mannitol-induced acute renal failure

  5.7 +/- 2.7 mg/dl

  Not recorded as a finding: the paper never states the instrument the node requires

  The peak serum creatinine was 5.7 +/- 2.7 mg/dl and peak osmolal gap was 74 +/- 39 mOsm/kg water.

  PMID:2111870 · one of two readings recorded this

• peak serum creatinine

  5.7 +/- 2.7 mg/dl

  The peak serum creatinine was 5.7 +/- 2.7 mg/dl and peak osmolal gap was 74 +/- 39 mOsm/kg water.

  PMID:2111870 · one of two readings recorded this

• major neurological sequelae in children surviving cerebral malaria

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for neurological sequelae of cerebral malaria

  No difference in mortality, time to regain consciousness, or neurological sequelae were detected.

  PMID:21491391 · one of two readings recorded this

• mortality, time to regain consciousness, and neurological sequelae, mannitol 20% vs saline placebo, in children with cerebral malaria

  no effect, n = 156

  Not recorded as a finding: the supporting sentence never names the compound

  No difference in mortality, time to regain consciousness, or neurological sequelae were detected.

  PMID:21491391 · one of two readings recorded this

• time to regain consciousness in children with cerebral malaria

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for recovery-of-consciousness time

  No difference in mortality, time to regain consciousness, or neurological sequelae were detected.

  PMID:21491391 · one of two readings recorded this

• sensitivity and specificity of mannitol challenge versus standard exercise challenge testing for diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

  sensitivity ranged 58-96%, specificity ranged 65-78%

  In the 3 diagnostic cross-sectional studies that evaluated mannitol, the sensitivity and specificity ranged from 58 to 96% and 65 to 78%, respectively.

  PMID:21875541 · one of two readings recorded this

• sensitivity and specificity of the mannitol challenge test for diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, against standard exercise challenge testing

  sensitivity 58%-96%, specificity 65%-78%

  In the 3 diagnostic cross-sectional studies that evaluated mannitol, the sensitivity and specificity ranged from 58 to 96% and 65 to 78%, respectively.

  PMID:21875541 · one of two readings recorded this

• ARI score (tubular necrosis and acute inflammation)

  decreases, p = 0.043

  whereas phlebotomy or/and mannitol treatments significantly decreased tubular necrosis and inflammatory infiltration (p values for group [I/R] versus group [P], [M], and [P + M] were 0.043, 0.043, and 0.003, respectively)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• ARI score (tubular necrosis and acute inflammation)

  decreases, p = 0.003

  whereas phlebotomy or/and mannitol treatments significantly decreased tubular necrosis and inflammatory infiltration (p values for group [I/R] versus group [P], [M], and [P + M] were 0.043, 0.043, and 0.003, respectively)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• ARI score (tubular necrosis and acute inflammation)

  decreases, p = 0.043

  whereas phlebotomy or/and mannitol treatments significantly decreased tubular necrosis and inflammatory infiltration (p values for group [I/R] versus group [P], [M], and [P + M] were 0.043, 0.043, and 0.003, respectively)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• ARI score (tubular necrosis and acute inflammation)

  increases, p = 0.012

  Histological evaluation of ARI score showed that aortic I/R significantly increased (p value for group [S] versus group [I/R] was 0.012)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• Kidney MDA level

  increases, p = 0.05

  Aortic I/R significantly increased the level of MDA (reflecting lipid peroxidation), SOD (enzymatic endogenous antioxidant), and MPO (reflecting neutrophil infiltration) activity (p < 0.05)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• Kidney MDA level

  decreases, p = 0.05

  Phlebotomy or/and mannitol treatments significantly decreased the level of MDA, SOD, and MPO activity and increased glutathione level (nonenzymatic antioxidant in the kidney tissues) (p < 0.05)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• Kidney MPO activity

  increases, p = 0.05

  Aortic I/R significantly increased the level of MDA (reflecting lipid peroxidation), SOD (enzymatic endogenous antioxidant), and MPO (reflecting neutrophil infiltration) activity (p < 0.05)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• Kidney MPO activity

  decreases, p = 0.05

  Phlebotomy or/and mannitol treatments significantly decreased the level of MDA, SOD, and MPO activity and increased glutathione level (nonenzymatic antioxidant in the kidney tissues) (p < 0.05)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• Kidney reduced glutathione level

  increases, p = 0.05

  Phlebotomy or/and mannitol treatments significantly decreased the level of MDA, SOD, and MPO activity and increased glutathione level (nonenzymatic antioxidant in the kidney tissues) (p < 0.05)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• Kidney SOD activity

  increases, p = 0.05

  Aortic I/R significantly increased the level of MDA (reflecting lipid peroxidation), SOD (enzymatic endogenous antioxidant), and MPO (reflecting neutrophil infiltration) activity (p < 0.05)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• Kidney SOD activity

  decreases, p = 0.05

  Phlebotomy or/and mannitol treatments significantly decreased the level of MDA, SOD, and MPO activity and increased glutathione level (nonenzymatic antioxidant in the kidney tissues) (p < 0.05)

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• kidney tissue malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase activity, reduced glutathione, and histological ARI score after lower-limb ischaemia/reperfusion in rats

  decreases

  Not recorded as a finding: a node exists but the paper states a different instrument or population

  Phlebotomy or/and mannitol treatments significantly decreased the level of MDA, SOD, and MPO activity and increased glutathione level (nonenzymatic antioxidant in the kidney tissues) (p < 0.05).

  PMID:22023943 · one of two readings recorded this

• differences between hydration regimens after iopromide

  no effect

  After iopromide, the differences between the hydration regimens were much less, as iopromide increased urine flow rates much more than iodixanol

  PMID:22353855 · one of two readings recorded this

• glomerular filtration rate and urine viscosity in rats after contrast medium

  Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

  By virtue of its stronger diuretic effect, the Mannit-Gluc regimen greatly diminished the increase in urine viscosity and completely prevented the transient decrease in GFR caused by iodixanol with the NaCl regimen.

  PMID:22353855 · one of two readings recorded this

• increase in urine viscosity after iodixanol

  decreases

  By virtue of its stronger diuretic effect, the Mannit-Gluc regimen greatly diminished the increase in urine viscosity

  PMID:22353855 · one of two readings recorded this

• transient decrease in GFR after iodixanol

  decreases

  completely prevented the transient decrease in GFR caused by iodixanol with the NaCl regimen

  PMID:22353855 · one of two readings recorded this

• urine flow rate

  increases

  The Mannit-Gluc regimen resulted in higher urine flow rates than the standard NaCl regimen, yet maintained a good volume status

  PMID:22353855 · one of two readings recorded this

• intracranial pressure reduction (mm Hg), mannitol versus hypertonic sodium solutions in traumatic brain injury

  The weighted mean difference in ICP reduction, using hypertonic sodium solutions compared with mannitol, was 1.39 mm Hg (95% CI -0.74 to 3.53).

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  The weighted mean difference in ICP reduction, using hypertonic sodium solutions compared with mannitol, was 1.39 mm Hg (95% CI -0.74 to 3.53).

  PMID:23811861 · one of two readings recorded this

• pooled mean reduction in intracranial pressure (ICP) by weighted mean difference, mannitol vs hypertonic sodium solutions in traumatic brain injury

  weighted mean difference in ICP reduction, hypertonic sodium solutions vs mannitol, 1.39 mm Hg (95% CI -0.74 to 3.53), n = 171

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  The weighted mean difference in ICP reduction, using hypertonic sodium solutions compared with mannitol, was 1.39 mm Hg (95% CI -0.74 to 3.53).

  PMID:23811861 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality (RR for death), pre-hospital administration of mannitol versus placebo trial

  RR for death = 1.75; 95% CI 0.48 to 6.38

  Not recorded as a finding: the paper never states the instrument the node requires

  One trial tested the effectiveness of pre-hospital administration of mannitol against placebo (RR for death = 1.75; 95% CI 0.48 to 6.38).

  PMID:23918314 · one of two readings recorded this

• death (all-cause mortality) by relative risk, mannitol vs pentobarbital, in acute traumatic brain injury

  RR for death = 0.85 (95% CI 0.52 to 1.38), mannitol vs pentobarbital

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  One trial compared mannitol to pentobarbital (RR for death = 0.85; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.38).

  PMID:23918314 · one of two readings recorded this

• anaphylactic/allergic reaction to mannitol

  increases

  We present a case report of a patient who experienced an anaphylactic response to mannitol and review the literature.

  PMID:24060838 · one of two readings recorded this

• anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction to mannitol in a single patient, case report

  increases, anaphylactic response occurred, n = 1

  Not recorded as a finding: no estimate is reported anywhere

  We present a case report of a patient who experienced an anaphylactic response to mannitol and review the literature.

  PMID:24060838 · one of two readings recorded this

• anaphylactic/hypersensitivity reaction to mannitol

  increases, anaphylactic response occurred, n = 1

  We present a case report of a patient who experienced an anaphylactic response to mannitol and review the literature.

  PMID:24060838 · both readings recorded this

• anaphylactic reaction to mannitol in a single patient (case report)

  increases

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  We present a case report of a patient who experienced an anaphylactic response to mannitol and review the literature.

  PMID:24060838 · one of two readings recorded this

• Anaphylactic reaction

  increases, n = 1

  We present a case report of a patient who experienced an anaphylactic response to mannitol and review the literature.

  PMID:24060838 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum creatinine, overall pooled across all AKI-risk subgroups

  no effect, MD 1.63, 95% CI -6.02 to 9.28

  Not recorded as a finding: The sentence carrying the pooled null result does not name the compound or the outcome on its own ("Overall, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and control group") — both live in the preceding sentence ("Eight studies reported the outcome of SCr change"), so it is not self-supporting. Only the radiocontrast subgroup had a self-supporting sentence, and that was claimed instead.

  Overall, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and control group (MD 1.63, 95% CI −6.02 to 9.28; I2 = 63%, P = 0.008).

  PMID:24454783 · one of two readings recorded this

• serum creatinine (SCr) change, overall

  no effect, MD 1.63, 95% CI -6.02 to 9.28

  Overall, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and control group (MD 1.63, 95% CI −6.02 to 9.28; I2 = 63%, P = 0.008).

  PMID:24454783 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary volume change (ml/24h)

  no effect, MD -140.56, 95% CI -650.05 to 368.93

  Not recorded as a finding: No outcome node in the closed list covers urine output volume, and separately the sentence reporting this null result does not itself name mannitol (the subject lives in the preceding sentence, "Change of urinary volume can be extracted from five comparisons in four RCTs").

  There was no difference in change of urine output (MD −140.56, 95% CI −650.05 to 368.93), but the heterogeneity was significant across studies (I2 = 71%, P = 0.008).

  PMID:24454783 · one of two readings recorded this

• urine output change (ml/24h)

  no effect, MD -140.56, 95% CI -650.05 to 368.93

  There was no difference in change of urine output (MD −140.56, 95% CI −650.05 to 368.93), but the heterogeneity was significant across studies (I2 = 71%, P = 0.008).

  PMID:24454783 · one of two readings recorded this

• acute renal failure (osmotic nephrosis)

  Large doses/massive infusions of mannitol have been found to be associated with acute renal failure (MI-ARF), that is, osmotic nephrosis.

  PMID:24941319 · one of two readings recorded this

• intraoperative brain relaxation (brain bulge / tense brain)

  increases, RR 0.60 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.83) favouring hypertonic saline

  The risk ratio for brain bulge or tense brain in the hypertonic saline group was 0.60 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 0.83, low-quality evidence).

  PMID:25019296 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary lactulose:mannitol ratio (L:M), assessing intestinal permeability and absorption

  The most commonly used test has been the urinary lactulose to mannitol ratio (L:M), which primarily assesses gut leakiness, and which also measures absorption.

  PMID:25305289 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary lactulose to mannitol ratio (L:M), gut permeability and absorption

  The most commonly used test has been the urinary lactulose to mannitol ratio (L:M), which primarily assesses gut leakiness, and which also measures absorption.

  PMID:25305289 · one of two readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality

  n = 191

  Studies were underpowered to detect a significant difference in mortality or neurological outcomes.

  PMID:26825644 · both readings recorded this

• all-cause mortality, neurological disability, ICP change from baseline, ICP treatment failure, and serious adverse events, pooled across randomised trials comparing hypertonic saline and mannitol in severe traumatic brain injury with elevated ICP

  increases, risk ratio (RR) = 0.39; 95% CI 0.18-0.81 favoring hypertonic saline over mannitol for ICP treatment failure

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  No difference between HTS and mannitol was observed for mean ICP reduction; however, risk of ICP treatment failure favored HTS (risk ratio [RR] = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.18-0.81).

  PMID:26825644 · one of two readings recorded this

• ICP treatment failure

  risk ratio [RR] = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.18-0.81, favoring hypertonic sodium solutions over mannitol

  No difference between HTS and mannitol was observed for mean ICP reduction; however, risk of ICP treatment failure favored HTS (risk ratio [RR] = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.18-0.81).

  PMID:26825644 · both readings recorded this

• mean ICP reduction

  no effect

  No difference between HTS and mannitol was observed for mean ICP reduction; however, risk of ICP treatment failure favored HTS (risk ratio [RR] = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.18-0.81).

  PMID:26825644 · one of two readings recorded this

• mean intracranial pressure (ICP) reduction

  no effect

  No difference between HTS and mannitol was observed for mean ICP reduction; however, risk of ICP treatment failure favored HTS (risk ratio [RR] = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.18-0.81).

  PMID:26825644 · one of two readings recorded this

• globe and orbital volume by computed tomography before and after intravenous mannitol administration

  decreases, globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%) after mannitol administration, p = 0.02

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04).

  PMID:28777386 · one of two readings recorded this

• globe and orbital volume by CT imaging before and after intravenous mannitol administration

  decreases, -186 mm3 (-2.5%) globe volume, p = 0.02, n = 14

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04).

  PMID:28777386 · one of two readings recorded this

• globe volume and orbital volume by CT imaging, before and after intravenous mannitol administration in neurosurgical ICU patients

  decreases, -2.5% (globe volume), +3.5% (orbital volume), p = 0.02

  Not recorded as a finding: the result compares a group with itself, not with a control

  Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04).

  PMID:28777386 · one of two readings recorded this

• globe volume and orbital volume by CT imaging before and after intravenous mannitol administration

  decreases, -186 mm3 (-2.5%) globe volume, p = 0.02

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04).

  PMID:28777386 · one of two readings recorded this

• globe volume by CT imaging, before vs after intravenous mannitol

  decreases, -186 mm3 (-2.5%), p = 0.02, n = 14

  Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04).

  PMID:28777386 · one of two readings recorded this

• Globe volume by CT imaging

  decreases, -2.5%, p = 0.02, n = 14

  Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04).

  PMID:28777386 · both readings recorded this

• orbital volume by CT imaging, before vs after intravenous mannitol

  increases, +353 mm3 (+3.5%), p = 0.04, n = 14

  Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04).

  PMID:28777386 · one of two readings recorded this

• Orbital volume by CT imaging

  increases, +3.5%, p = 0.04, n = 14

  Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04).

  PMID:28777386 · both readings recorded this

• blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to gentamicin, guinea pig sampling

  no effect, did not reach statistical significance, p = 0.581

  Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for barrier permeability to a co-administered drug

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to gentamicin

  no effect, did not reach statistical significance, p = 0.581

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · both readings recorded this

• blood-brain barrier permeability to gentamicin

  no effect, p = 0.581, p = 0.581

  Not recorded as a finding: reports a permeability rate change, not a listed outcome node and not a named PK parameter eligible for exposure_claims

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) permeability to gentamicin, guinea pig perilymph/CSF sampling

  increases, increased rate of entry and egress through BLB, p = 0.0044

  Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for barrier permeability to a co-administered drug

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• Blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) permeability to gentamicin (rate of entry/egress)

  increases, p = 0.0044

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) permeability to gentamicin

  increases, increased rate of entry and egress through BLB, p = 0.0044

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• blood-labyrinth barrier permeability to gentamicin (rate of entry/egress)

  increases, p = 0.0044, p = 0.0044

  Not recorded as a finding: reports a permeability rate change, not a listed outcome node and not a named PK parameter (AUC/Cmax/clearance) eligible for exposure_claims

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• gentamicin blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, rate of entry and egress

  increases, p = 0.0044

  Not recorded as a finding: two different barriers reported in one sentence with distinct significance levels; the cleaner renal-clearance finding (pk_parameter clearance) was recorded as the exposure claim from this paper, so this mixed two-barrier finding was set aside rather than force it into one pk_parameter/estimate pairing

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to gentamicin

  no effect, the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance, p = 0.581

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• permeability of the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) to gentamicin

  increases, Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly, p = 0.0044

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

  no effect, the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance, p = 0.581

  Not recorded as a finding: no outcome/pk node exists for blood-brain barrier permeability; effect not statistically significant

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB)

  increases, Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly, p = 0.0044

  Not recorded as a finding: no outcome/pk node exists for blood-labyrinth barrier permeability

  Mannitol increased the rate of entry and egress of gentamicin through BLB significantly (p = 0.0044) but the effects on the BBB did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.581).

  PMID:29228990 · one of two readings recorded this

• renal clearance of gentamicin from blood

  no effect, p = 0.433, p = 0.433

  Mannitol did not alter renal clearance of gentamicin from the blood (p = 0.433).

  PMID:29228990 · both readings recorded this

• urinary mannitol concentration after dietary sweetener use

  increases, about 14 mg/mL after up to 20 g/day

  It is also shown that the use of mannitol as a sweetener in amounts of up to 20 g per day results in a urinary concentration of about 14 mg/mL.

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary mannitol concentration in an athlete reference population, and following dietary mannitol sweetener intake, by anti-doping laboratory analysis

  increases, about 14 mg/mL urinary concentration after up to 20 g/day dietary intake

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  It is also shown that the use of mannitol as a sweetener in amounts of up to 20 g per day results in a urinary concentration of about 14 mg/mL.

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary mannitol concentration in athlete doping-control reference population, by mass-spectrometry-based urinalysis

  mean 72 ± 140 μg/mL, median 41 μg/mL (n = 6407), n = 6407

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  Urinary mannitol concentrations demonstrate larger variation with the mean value of 72 ± 140 μg/mL and median at 41 μg/mL (n = 6407).

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary mannitol concentration in athlete reference population

  mean value of 72 ± 140 μg/mL and median at 41 μg/mL, n = 6407

  Urinary mannitol concentrations demonstrate larger variation with the mean value of 72 ± 140 μg/mL and median at 41 μg/mL (n = 6407).

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary mannitol concentration in doping-control reference population

  mean 72 ± 140 μg/mL, median 41 μg/mL (n = 6407), n = 6407

  Urinary mannitol concentrations demonstrate larger variation with the mean value of 72 ± 140 μg/mL and median at 41 μg/mL (n = 6407).

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary mannitol concentration (population reference range)

  mean 72 ± 140 μg/mL, median 41 μg/mL, n = 6407

  Not recorded as a finding: descriptive population reference range, not a listed outcome node

  Urinary mannitol concentrations demonstrate larger variation with the mean value of 72 ± 140 μg/mL and median at 41 μg/mL (n = 6407).

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urinary mannitol concentration reference range in athletes and its effect on urine specific gravity

  increases, mannitol present in mg/mL quantities significantly increases urine specific gravity

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  An important observation is that mannitol present in mg/mL quantities significantly increases urine specific gravity, which makes a widely accepted normalization approach not applicable.

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• Urinary mannitol concentration

  increases, mean 72 ± 140 μg/mL, median 41 μg/mL, 99.7th percentile 1094 μg/mL; about 14 mg/mL after up to 20 g/day dietary intake, n = 6407

  Urinary mannitol concentrations demonstrate larger variation with the mean value of 72 ± 140 μg/mL and median at 41 μg/mL (n = 6407).

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urine specific gravity in samples with elevated urinary mannitol

  increases, significantly increases urine specific gravity

  An important observation is that mannitol present in mg/mL quantities significantly increases urine specific gravity, which makes a widely accepted normalization approach not applicable.

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urine specific gravity

  increases

  Not recorded as a finding: not a listed outcome node

  An important observation is that mannitol present in mg/mL quantities significantly increases urine specific gravity, which makes a widely accepted normalization approach not applicable.

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• urine specific gravity

  increases, mannitol present in mg/mL quantities significantly increases urine specific gravity

  An important observation is that mannitol present in mg/mL quantities significantly increases urine specific gravity, which makes a widely accepted normalization approach not applicable.

  PMID:30548818 · one of two readings recorded this

• Detection of increased numbers of variants by macrophage:tumor cell ratio

  increases

  Detection of increased numbers of variants depended upon the macrophage:tumor cell ratio, with 50:1 or greater being necessary

  PMID:3084067 · one of two readings recorded this

• Frequency of thioguanine-resistant variants

  increases

  an increase in the frequency of thioguanine-resistant variants which arose following macrophage coculture to levels at least 5- to 10-fold above the spontaneous frequency

  PMID:3084067 · one of two readings recorded this

• Induction of drug-resistant variants with oxygen radical scavengers

  decreases

  The induction of drug-resistant variants could be inhibited by oxygen radical scavengers

  PMID:3084067 · one of two readings recorded this

• Loss of HGPRT activity in macrophage-induced thioguanine-resistant variants

  decreases, n = 6

  In six of the six macrophage-induced variants tested, resistance was associated with loss of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase activity

  PMID:3084067 · one of two readings recorded this

• post-operative acute kidney injury (AKI) or renal end points/surrogates

  Given the available evidence, the peri-operative use of mannitol to prevent AKI cannot be considered an evidence based intervention in cardiac surgery, partial nephrectomy, and/or other major surgery.

  PMID:31078413 · one of two readings recorded this

• sensitivity and specificity of the mannitol bronchial challenge test for diagnosing asthma

  sensitivity 8%-100%, specificity 75%-100% overall; sensitivity 19%-91%, specificity 75%-100% excluding case-control studies conducted in a clinical setting, n = 4589

  Overall sensitivity and specificity ranged from 8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1-27) to 100% (95% CI 93-100) and 75% (95% CI 67-82) to 100% (95% CI 85-100).

  PMID:31476241 · one of two readings recorded this

• sensitivity and specificity of the mannitol bronchial challenge test in diagnosing asthma

  Overall sensitivity and specificity ranged from 8% to 100% and 75% to 100% across included studies, n = 4589

  A total of 27 studies (4589 individuals, age 6-85 years, cross-sectional [n = 18] and case-controlled [n = 9] study design) were included.

  PMID:31476241 · one of two readings recorded this

• cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) change

  increases, pooled difference in means = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.15-0.92, P =.007), p = 0.007

  The pooled difference in means = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.15–0.92, P =.007) indicated that 3% hypertonic saline is more effective than 20% mannitol in increasing CPP.

  PMID:32871879 · one of two readings recorded this

• duration of continuous ICP reduction

  decreases, pooled difference in means = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.64-1.05, P <.00001)

  The pooled difference in means = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.64–1.05, P <.00001) indicated that 3% hypertonic saline lasts longer time for ICP reduction than 20% mannitol.

  PMID:32871879 · one of two readings recorded this

• intracranial pressure (ICP) reduction after osmotic infusion

  decreases, pooled difference in means = -0.19 (95% CI: -0.37 to -0.02, P =.03), p = 0.03

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  The pooled difference in means = −0.19 (95% CI: −0.37 to −0.02, P =.03) indicated that mannitol reduces ICP more than hypertonic saline.

  PMID:32871879 · one of two readings recorded this

• intracranial pressure (ICP) reduction

  decreases, pooled difference in means = -0.19 (95% CI: -0.37 to -0.02, P =.03), p = 0.03

  The pooled difference in means = −0.19 (95% CI: −0.37 to −0.02, P =.03) indicated that mannitol reduces ICP more than hypertonic saline.

  PMID:32871879 · one of two readings recorded this

• onset time of ICP reduction

  no effect, pooled difference in means = 0.05 (95% CI: -0.14 to 0.23, P =.64), p = 0.64

  The pooled difference in means = 0.05 (95% CI: −0.14 to 0.23, P =.64) indicated that There was no significant difference in onset time between 3% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol.

  PMID:32871879 · one of two readings recorded this

• intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean differences pooled from 8 studies, half-molar sodium lactate vs mannitol in severe traumatic brain injury

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  From the results of data analysis, the two treatment groups of mannitol and half-molar sodium lactate did not show any significant differences.

  PMID:34344615 · one of two readings recorded this

• intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), pooled mean differences between mannitol and half-molar sodium lactate groups

  no effect

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  From the results of data analysis, the two treatment groups of mannitol and half-molar sodium lactate did not show any significant differences.

  PMID:34344615 · one of two readings recorded this

• diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the LMR test for coeliac disease

  increases, pooled sensitivity 0.829 (95% CI 0.682-0.976), pooled specificity 0.700 (95% CI 0.551-0.849), pooled AUC 0.88 (95% CI 0.85-0.91)

  Pooled specificity (Additional file 1: Fig S5A) was calculated as 0.700 (95% CI: 0.551–0.849), and pooled sensitivity (Additional file 1: Fig S5B) was calculated as 0.829 (95% CI: 0.682–0.976).

  PMID:35012471 · one of two readings recorded this

• lactulose:mannitol ratio (LMR) in healthy controls vs coeliac/Crohn's disease

  increases, pooled LMR: healthy 0.014 (95% CI 0.006-0.022), untreated coeliac 0.133 (95% CI 0.089-0.178), active Crohn's 0.093 (95% CI 0.031-0.156)

  Pooled analysis of gut permeability results in healthy subjects analysed in 24 studies revealed a LMR value of 0.014 (95% CI: 0.006 to 0.022).

  PMID:35012471 · one of two readings recorded this

• callose deposition in soybean seedlings under osmotic stress and flg22

  increases, callose induced

  The data show that callose is induced by both osmotic stress and flagellin 22 (flg22) and is related to the activity of β-1,3-glucanases.

  PMID:36811487 · one of two readings recorded this

• callose deposition in soybean seedlings

  increases, callose is induced by both osmotic stress and flagellin 22 (flg22)

  The data show that callose is induced by both osmotic stress and flagellin 22 (flg22) and is related to the activity of β-1,3-glucanases.

  PMID:36811487 · one of two readings recorded this

• GmGSL gene family expression (including GmGSL23) in soybean roots by RT-qPCR

  increases, upregulated

  The GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22, showing the essential role of this gene in the soybean defense response to pathogenic organisms and osmotic stress.

  PMID:36811487 · one of two readings recorded this

• GmGSL23 gene expression and callose deposition in soybean seedling roots under osmotic stress (mannitol) treatment, by RT-qPCR

  increases, GmGSL23 upregulated under osmotic stress or flg22

  Not recorded as a finding: the supporting sentence never names the compound

  The GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22, showing the essential role of this gene in the soybean defense response to pathogenic organisms and osmotic stress.

  PMID:36811487 · one of two readings recorded this

• GmGSL23 gene expression (RT-qPCR) in soybean roots

  increases, GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22

  The GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22, showing the essential role of this gene in the soybean defense response to pathogenic organisms and osmotic stress.

  PMID:36811487 · both readings recorded this

• GmGSL23 (glucan synthase-like gene) expression, RT-qPCR

  increases

  The GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22, showing the essential role of this gene in the soybean defense response to pathogenic organisms and osmotic stress.

  PMID:36811487 · one of two readings recorded this

• chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) frequency, mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI) in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to mannitol in vitro

  decreases, mannitol significantly decreased the MI compared to the control at almost all concentrations and treatment times

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  However, mannitol (except at concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg/mL) and lactitol (except at 250 μg/mL) significantly decreased the MI compared to the control at almost all concentrations and treatment times.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• Chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) frequency; nuclear division index (NDI)

  no effect

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• chromosomal aberration (CA) frequency in human peripheral lymphocytes

  no effect, did not affect CA frequency

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• chromosomal aberration (CA) frequency

  no effect, did not affect CA frequency

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• chromosomal aberration (CA) frequency

  no effect

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• chromosomal aberration frequency, micronucleus frequency, mitotic index and nuclear division index in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to mannitol in vitro

  no effect, no significant genotoxic effect at tested concentrations

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  In conclusion, it was observed that mannitol and lactitol did not have a significant genotoxic effect at the concentrations used in human lymphocytes in vitro.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• micronucleus (MN) frequency in human peripheral lymphocytes

  no effect, did not affect MN frequency

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• micronucleus (MN) frequency

  no effect, did not affect MN frequency

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• micronucleus (MN) frequency

  no effect

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberration (CA) frequency, micronucleus (MN) frequency, and nuclear division index (NDI) in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to mannitol in vitro

  decreases

  Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

  However, mannitol (except at concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg/mL) and lactitol (except at 250 μg/mL) significantly decreased the MI compared to the control at almost all concentrations and treatment times.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• mitotic index (MI) in human peripheral lymphocytes

  decreases, significantly decreased MI at almost all concentrations, except 500 and 1000 μg/mL for mannitol

  However, mannitol (except at concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg/mL) and lactitol (except at 250 μg/mL) significantly decreased the MI compared to the control at almost all concentrations and treatment times.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• Mitotic index (MI)

  decreases

  However, mannitol (except at concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg/mL) and lactitol (except at 250 μg/mL) significantly decreased the MI compared to the control at almost all concentrations and treatment times.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• mitotic index (MI)

  decreases

  However, mannitol (except at concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg/mL) and lactitol (except at 250 μg/mL) significantly decreased the MI compared to the control at almost all concentrations and treatment times.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• nuclear division index (NDI) in human peripheral lymphocytes

  no effect, no significant change at all treatment concentrations

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• nuclear division index (NDI)

  no effect, did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentrations

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• nuclear division index (NDI)

  no effect

  The results indicated that both polyols did not affect CA and MN frequency, and did not cause a significant change in NDI at all treatment concentratoins.

  PMID:38060281 · one of two readings recorded this

• duration of the ICP-reducing effect

  decreases, MD = -0.67, 95% CI = [-1.00, -0.33], p < 0.01

  The duration of the effect was shorter in the mannitol group than in the HS group (MD = -0.67, 95% CI = [-1.00, -0.33], p < 0.01).

  PMID:38825027 · one of two readings recorded this

• favorable neurological outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale)

  no effect, RR = 0.92, 95% CI = [0.11, 7.96], p = 0.94, p = 0.94

  In terms of favorable neurological outcomes, there was no significant difference between the two agents (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = [0.11, 7.96], p = 0.94).

  PMID:38825027 · one of two readings recorded this

• ICU length of stay

  increases, MD = 1.18, 95% CI = [0.44, 1.92], p < 0.01

  The length of stay in the ICU was significantly shorter in the HS group (MD = 1.18, 95% CI = [0.44, 1.92], p < 0.01).

  PMID:38825027 · one of two readings recorded this

• mortality, ICU/hospital length of stay, Glasgow Outcome Scale, and duration of ICP-reduction effect in severe traumatic brain injury

  no effect, RR = 1.55; 95% CI = [0.98, 2.47], p = 0.06

  Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

  The mortality in the mannitol group was not statistically different compared to the HS group (RR = 1.55; 95% CI = [0.98, 2.47], p = 0.06).

  PMID:38825027 · one of two readings recorded this

The whole record — 253 rows