Endpoint

Mini-Mental State Examination total score

CAT:outcome/mmse-total-scorereported in points (0-30)3 findings from 3 compounds

What moved it

3 findings · 3 compounds · by evidence strength

Compound	Direction	Findings	Strongest evidence
choline	up	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
resveratrol	up	1	Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.
melatonin	up	1	Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.

Reported to move it

3 findings

resveratrol — increases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding
“Compared with CG after treatment, EG obtained obviously higher MMSE score (P < 0.001) and significantly lower ADAS-cog score (P < 0.001) (see Figure 1).”
Quoted verbatim from Effect of Resveratrol Combined with Donepezil Hydrochloride on Inflammatory Factor Level and Cognitive Function Level of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease..
Study

RCT
Participants

90
Duration

2 months
Dose

1-2 RES tablets (1.0 g each) daily as a dietary supplement, added to donepezil hydrochloride
Population

patients with Alzheimer's disease, all also receiving donepezil hydrochloride as background therapy in both arms (EG: donepezil + resveratrol; CG: donepezil alone), 2-month treatment
Effect of Resveratrol Combined with Donepezil Hydrochloride on Inflammatory Factor Level and Cognitive Function Level of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.2022PMID:35368930Permalink
choline — increases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding
“The pooled effect estimate showed that patients who received α-GPC and donepezil had significantly improved cognitive function than those who received donepezil and placebo as measured by MMSE (4 RCTs, MD: 1.72, 95% CI: 0.20 to 3.25, I2 = 61%, Fig. 3).”
Quoted verbatim from Activity of Choline Alphoscerate on Adult-Onset Cognitive Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis..
Study

meta-analysis
Dose

choline alphoscerate (alpha-GPC) 1200 mg/day plus donepezil 10 mg/day versus placebo plus donepezil 10 mg/day
Population

Adults aged 50 years and older with neurological disorders and cognitive impairment (pooled RCTs); donepezil 10 mg/day given in both arms as background
Effect 1.72 mean difference, 95% CI 0.2 to 3.25
Activity of Choline Alphoscerate on Adult-Onset Cognitive Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2023PMID:36683513Permalink
melatonin — increases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding
“AD patients receiving >12 weeks of melatonin treatment improved mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score [MD: 1.82 (1.01; 2.63) p < 0.0001].”
Quoted verbatim from Neurocognitive effects of melatonin treatment in healthy adults and individuals with Alzheimer's disease and insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials..
Study

meta-analysis
Population

Alzheimer's disease patients receiving more than 12 weeks of melatonin treatment (meta-analysis of RCTs)
Effect 1.82 mean difference, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.63
Neurocognitive effects of melatonin treatment in healthy adults and individuals with Alzheimer's disease and insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.2021PMID:33957167Permalink

How it is measured

Global cognitive screening score on the Mini-Mental State Examination, 0 to 30, administered by a trained assessor. Where a study reports a modified or telephone version, that is recorded with each finding, since the ceiling and the item set differ.

Sources cited

3 papers

Subject: mini-mental state examination total score
Findings: 3
Papers: 3

Compound

Direction

Findings

Strongest evidence

choline

resveratrol

melatonin