Endpoint
Gastric cancer incidence
Tumors or cancer of the stomach.
CAT:outcome/gastric-cancer-incidencereported in risk ratio4 findings from 3 compounds
What moved it
How to read these marks4 findings · 3 compounds · 1 null · by evidence strength
| Compound | Direction | Findings | Strongest evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| lycopene | down | 2 | Evidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited. |
| spironolactone | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| L-ascorbic acid | down | 1 | Evidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited. |
Reported to move it
3 findings
lycopene — decreases
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.Findingreplicated ×1“Both Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin intake and stomach cancer showed a significantly inverse association, tertile-3 versus tertile-1, (OR = 0.15, 95%CI: 0.06–0.35, p trend = 0.00) and (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.14–0.79, p trend = 0.02, respectively).”
Quoted verbatim from Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin Intake and Stomach Cancer in Vietnamese Men: A Pilot Case-Control Study.. - Study
- case-control
- Population
- Vietnamese men, hospital-based case-control: 80 incident stomach cancer cases and 146 controls; dietary trans-lycopene intake by food frequency questionnaire, top vs bottom tertile
Effect 0.15 odds ratio, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.35
Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin Intake and Stomach Cancer in Vietnamese Men: A Pilot Case-Control Study.2022PMID:35345357Permalink
lycopene — decreases
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.Findingreplicated ×1“Overall, there was a dose–response inverse association between lycopene intake and gastric cancer risk (ORper-SD increment = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81–0.95; Ptrend = 0.002).”
Quoted verbatim from Dietary Lycopene Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk: Findings from a Case-Control Study.. - Study
- case-control
- Population
- Hospital-based case-control study in Hanoi, Vietnam: 1182 incident gastric cancer cases and 2995 controls; dietary lycopene by food frequency questionnaire; whole-sample estimate per SD increment
Effect 0.88 odds ratio, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.95
Dietary Lycopene Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk: Findings from a Case-Control Study.2026PMID:41978193Permalink
L-ascorbic acid — decreases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“The reduction of oxidative stress and gastric tumor incidence in rats were induced by the intake of ascorbic acid.”
Quoted verbatim from Protective effect of ascorbic acid in experimental gastric cancer: reduction of oxidative stress.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Dose
- 30 mg/kg daily in drinking water
- Population
- Male Wistar rats with experimental gastric cancer induced by duodeno-gastric reflux (split gastrojejunostomy); control group versus group given vitamin C in drinking water
Protective effect of ascorbic acid in experimental gastric cancer: reduction of oxidative stress.2003PMID:12632494Permalink
Measured, no effect detected
1 finding
spironolactone — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“There was no statistically significant association between spironolactone use and risk of ovarian cancer (RR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.84-2.20; certainty of evidence very low), bladder cancer (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.71-1.07; certainty of evidence very low), kidney cancer (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.85-1.07; certainty of evidence low), gastric cancer (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.80-1.24; certainty of evidence low), or esophageal cancer (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.91-1.27; certainty of evidence low).”
Quoted verbatim from Association of Spironolactone Use With Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Men and women aged 18 years and older ever exposed to spironolactone, pooled from seven observational studies
Effect 1.02 risk ratio, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.24
Association of Spironolactone Use With Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.2022PMID:35138351Permalink
How it is measured
Incident gastric (stomach) cancer diagnoses ascertained by cancer registry linkage, pathology report, or medical record review. Cardia and non-cardia subsites recorded with each finding where reported.
Sources cited
4 papers
- Subject
- gastric cancer incidence
- Findings
- 4
- Papers
- 4
Dietary Lycopene Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk: Findings from a Case-Control Study.record2026PMID:419781931 finding
Association of Spironolactone Use With Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.record2022PMID:351383511 finding
Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin Intake and Stomach Cancer in Vietnamese Men: A Pilot Case-Control Study.record2022PMID:353453571 finding
Protective effect of ascorbic acid in experimental gastric cancer: reduction of oxidative stress.record2003PMID:126324941 finding