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Catalyst

PapersPMID:37318151

Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis.

European journal of clinical investigation2023The record ↗

  1. Finding, very limited evidenceraisesAll-cause mortality

What moved

1 findingHow to read these marks →
  • Increases all-cause mortality

    very limited

    “Higher levels of circulating choline were associated with a higher risk of CVD and all-cause mortality.”
    Study
    meta-analysis
    Population
    Participants in cohort, nested case-control and case-cohort studies; highest versus lowest category of circulating choline concentration

Study record

Design
meta-analysis
Species
human
Population
17 observational studies of circulating choline and betaine and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality
Participants
33,009
Comparator
observational
Duration
not reported
Endpoints measured
6