Lung cancer incidence

Method

Incident lung cancer in observational cohorts and case-control studies comparing highest with lowest consumption of a defined exposure, pooled as a risk ratio.

The method is part of the endpoint identity. Studies measuring the same quantity by a different method are held as separate endpoints.

Notes

Will be confused with all-site cancer incidence. Smoking is the dominant cause at this site and residual confounding by smoking behaviour survives most adjustment models, so the grade must reflect that regardless of how clean the point estimate looks. The 2009 review found the association confined to men; an unstratified edge dilutes a sex-specific result into a weaker average and misstates who the evidence applies to.