azithromycin

adverse reaction incidence, in children with respiratory disease treated with azithromycin

decreases, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72

Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

The results of meta-analysis showed that the incidence of adverse reactions after AZM treatment was 24.20%, which was lower than 48.05% in the control group (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72, P < .001).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

adverse reaction incidence, intravenous administration subgroup

decreases, OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.12-0.84

In the subgroup of intravenous administration, AZM had a lower the incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.12-0.84, P = .003).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

adverse reaction incidence, oral administration subgroup

decreases, OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.13-0.69

In the subgroup of oral administration, AZM had a lower the incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.13-0.69 P < .001).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

adverse reaction incidence, sequential therapy subgroup

decreases, OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.09-0.60

In the subgroup of sequential therapy, AZM had a lower incidence of adverse reactions in sequential therapy (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.09-0.60, P < .001).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

incidence of adverse reactions after azithromycin (AZM) treatment in pediatric respiratory disease RCTs, vs a control group whose composition the abstract never states

decreases, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72, P < .001

Not recorded as a finding: another reason, stated per paper

The results of meta-analysis showed that the incidence of adverse reactions after AZM treatment was 24.20%, which was lower than 48.05% in the control group (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72, P < .001).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

incidence of adverse reactions after azithromycin treatment, pediatric respiratory disease RCTs

decreases, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72, P < .001

The results of meta-analysis showed that the incidence of adverse reactions after AZM treatment was 24.20%, which was lower than 48.05% in the control group (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72, P < .001).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

incidence of adverse reactions, intravenous administration subgroup

decreases, OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.12-0.84, P = .003, p = 0.003

In the subgroup of intravenous administration, AZM had a lower the incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.12-0.84, P = .003).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

incidence of adverse reactions, oral administration subgroup

decreases, OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.13-0.69, P < .001

In the subgroup of oral administration, AZM had a lower the incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.13-0.69 P < .001).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

incidence of adverse reactions, sequential therapy subgroup

decreases, OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.09-0.60, P < .001

In the subgroup of sequential therapy, AZM had a lower incidence of adverse reactions in sequential therapy (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.09-0.60, P < .001).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

overall adverse reaction incidence

decreases, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72

The results of meta-analysis showed that the incidence of adverse reactions after AZM treatment was 24.20%, which was lower than 48.05% in the control group (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72, P < .001).

PMID:38050289 · one of two readings recorded this

clinically diagnosed asthma

no effect, RR 0.94 (CI 0.29-3.10), n = 227

Not recorded as a finding: no_outcome_node: no node for asthma diagnosis incidence

Pooled estimate for asthma did not show any difference between the groups (0.94, CI 0.29–3.10; Supplementary Fig. 3).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

gastrointestinal adverse events

no effect, RD 2.0% (CI -1.0% to 5.0%), n = 268

Two studies (268 children) focused on gastrointestinal adverse events and did not find significant difference between the groups (RD 2.0%, CI –1.0% to 5.0%; Supplementary Fig. 4).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

hospital readmission

RR 1.14 (CI 0.82-1.60), n = 585

Not recorded as a finding: no_outcome_node: no node for hospital readmission rate

When all of the previous timepoints were pooled together the risk ratio for readmission to hospital was 1.14 (CI 0.82–1.60; Supplementary Fig. 1).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

hospital readmission (pooled across follow-up timepoints)

no effect, risk ratio 1.14 (CI 0.82–1.60)

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node in the supplied list covers hospital readmission rate

When all of the previous timepoints were pooled together the risk ratio for readmission to hospital was 1.14 (CI 0.82–1.60; Supplementary Fig. 1).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

Hospital readmission (pooled timepoints)

no effect, RR 1.14 (CI 0.82-1.60)

When all of the previous timepoints were pooled together the risk ratio for readmission to hospital was 1.14 (CI 0.82–1.60; Supplementary Fig. 1).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

need for paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission

no effect, pooled RD 0.0%, CI –2.0% to 2.0%, n = 446

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node in the supplied list covers PICU admission (distinct from ICU length-of-stay)

Four studies (446 children) analyzed the need for PICU admission and one child in the azithromycin group (0.5%) and four children in the control group (1.8%) were admitted to PICU (pooled RD 0.0%, CI –2.0% to 2.0%; Fig. 3).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

Need for PICU admission

no effect, pooled RD 0.0% (CI -2.0% to 2.0%), n = 446

Four studies (446 children) analyzed the need for PICU admission and one child in the azithromycin group (0.5%) and four children in the control group (1.8%) were admitted to PICU (pooled RD 0.0%, CI –2.0% to 2.0%; Fig. 3).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

overall length of hospitalization

decreases, MD -0.27 days (CI -0.47 to -0.07), n = 325

Three studies with 325 children analyzed the overall length of hospitalization period, and the mean difference was -0.27 days (CI –0.47 to –0.07 days; Fig. 4) favoring azithromycin group.

PMID:38066246 · both readings recorded this

recurrence of wheezing episode

RR 0.84 (CI 0.45-1.56), n = 297

Not recorded as a finding: no_outcome_node: no node for wheezing recurrence

After pooling of these studies, the risk ratio for at least one recurrence of wheezing episode was 0.84 (CI 0.45–1.56; Supplementary Fig. 2).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

recurrence of wheezing (pooled across follow-up timepoints)

no effect, risk ratio 0.84 (CI 0.45–1.56)

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node in the supplied list covers recurrence of wheezing

After pooling of these studies, the risk ratio for at least one recurrence of wheezing episode was 0.84 (CI 0.45–1.56; Supplementary Fig. 2).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

Recurrence of wheezing (pooled timepoints)

no effect, RR 0.84 (CI 0.45-1.56)

After pooling of these studies, the risk ratio for at least one recurrence of wheezing episode was 0.84 (CI 0.45–1.56; Supplementary Fig. 2).

PMID:38066246 · one of two readings recorded this

clinical failure, mortality, treatment-related adverse effects

no effect

Additionally, there was no difference between the two arms concerning clinical failure, mortality and treatment-related adverse effects.

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

clinical failure rate, scrub typhus, doxycycline vs azithromycin

no effect

Additionally, there was no difference between the two arms concerning clinical failure, mortality and treatment-related adverse effects.

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

mortality, scrub typhus, doxycycline vs azithromycin

no effect

Additionally, there was no difference between the two arms concerning clinical failure, mortality and treatment-related adverse effects.

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

time to defervescence (primary outcome)

no effect, Mean difference of -3.37 hours (95%CI: -10.31 to 3.57), p = 0.34

The meta-analysis for time to defervescence had a high heterogeneity and did not show any significant difference between doxycycline and azithromycin arms [Mean difference of -3.37 hours (95%CI: -10.31 to 3.57), p=0.34].

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

time to defervescence (primary outcome), clinical failure, mortality, and treatment-related adverse effects in scrub typhus, doxycycline vs azithromycin

no effect, Mean difference of -3.37 hours (95%CI: -10.31 to 3.57), p=0.34, p = 0.34

Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

The meta-analysis for time to defervescence had a high heterogeneity and did not show any significant difference between doxycycline and azithromycin arms [Mean difference of -3.37 hours (95%CI: -10.31 to 3.57), p=0.34].

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

time to defervescence (primary outcome); clinical failure; mortality; treatment-related adverse effects, in patients with scrub typhus

no effect, Mean difference of -3.37 hours (95%CI: -10.31 to 3.57), p = 0.34

Not recorded as a finding: the comparison was against another active treatment

The meta-analysis for time to defervescence had a high heterogeneity and did not show any significant difference between doxycycline and azithromycin arms [Mean difference of -3.37 hours (95%CI: -10.31 to 3.57), p=0.34].

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

time to defervescence (primary outcome), scrub typhus, doxycycline vs azithromycin

no effect, Mean difference of -3.37 hours (95%CI: -10.31 to 3.57), p=0.34, p = 0.34

The meta-analysis for time to defervescence had a high heterogeneity and did not show any significant difference between doxycycline and azithromycin arms [Mean difference of -3.37 hours (95%CI: -10.31 to 3.57), p=0.34].

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

time to defervescence, severe scrub typhus subgroup

decreases, mean difference of -10.15 (95%CI: -19.83 to -0.46) hours, p = 0.04

When the analysis was restricted to studies that included only severe scrub typhus, doxycycline was found to have a shorter time to defervescence [mean difference of -10.15 (95%CI: -19.83 to -0.46) hours, p=0.04].

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

time to defervescence, severe scrub typhus subgroup, doxycycline vs azithromycin

increases, mean difference of -10.15 (95%CI: -19.83 to -0.46) hours, p=0.04, favouring doxycycline, p = 0.04

When the analysis was restricted to studies that included only severe scrub typhus, doxycycline was found to have a shorter time to defervescence [mean difference of -10.15 (95%CI: -19.83 to -0.46) hours, p=0.04].

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

treatment-related adverse effects, scrub typhus, doxycycline vs azithromycin

no effect

Additionally, there was no difference between the two arms concerning clinical failure, mortality and treatment-related adverse effects.

PMID:38110855 · one of two readings recorded this

chorioamnionitis incidence

no effect

There was no significant difference in maternal all-cause mortality or incidence of chorioamnionitis between the two groups.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

chorioamnionitis incidence (maternal), azithromycin during labour/caesarean vs placebo

no effect

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for chorioamnionitis incidence

There was no significant difference in maternal all-cause mortality or incidence of chorioamnionitis between the two groups.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

composite maternal infection outcomes (sepsis, endometritis, incisional infections, urinary tract infections) and neonatal-associated infections, azithromycin vs placebo during labour

decreases

In this meta-analysis, azithromycin use during labour reduced the incidence of maternal sepsis, endometritis, incisional infections and urinary tract infections but did not reduce the incidence of neonatal-associated infections, except for neonatal skin infections.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

maternal all-cause mortality and chorioamnionitis incidence, azithromycin vs placebo during labour

no effect

There was no significant difference in maternal all-cause mortality or incidence of chorioamnionitis between the two groups.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

maternal all-cause mortality, pooled comparison, azithromycin vs placebo during labour or caesarean section

no effect

Not recorded as a finding: the supporting sentence never names the compound

There was no significant difference in maternal all-cause mortality or incidence of chorioamnionitis between the two groups.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

maternal pyelonephritis/urinary tract infection incidence

decreases, OR 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52)

The pooled OR for pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52; I2, 0%; P < .0001), and that for neonatal skin infections was 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65; I2, 0%, P < .00001).

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal all-cause mortality

no effect

No significant differences were observed in the incidence of neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis, all-cause mortality, or infections of the eyes or ears.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal eye and ear infection incidence

no effect

No significant differences were observed in the incidence of neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis, all-cause mortality, or infections of the eyes or ears.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal eye and ear infection incidence, born to mothers given azithromycin during labour/caesarean vs placebo

no effect

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for neonatal eye/ear infection incidence

No significant differences were observed in the incidence of neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis, all-cause mortality, or infections of the eyes or ears.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis, all-cause mortality, and eye or ear infection incidence, azithromycin vs placebo during labour

no effect

No significant differences were observed in the incidence of neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis, all-cause mortality, or infections of the eyes or ears.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis incidence

no effect

No significant differences were observed in the incidence of neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis, all-cause mortality, or infections of the eyes or ears.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis incidence, born to mothers given azithromycin during labour/caesarean vs placebo

no effect

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for neonatal sepsis incidence

No significant differences were observed in the incidence of neonatal sepsis or suspected sepsis, all-cause mortality, or infections of the eyes or ears.

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal skin infection incidence

decreases, OR 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65)

The pooled OR for pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52; I2, 0%; P < .0001), and that for neonatal skin infections was 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65; I2, 0%, P < .00001).

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal skin infection incidence, azithromycin vs placebo during labour

pooled OR 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65; I2, 0%, P < .00001)

The pooled OR for pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52; I2, 0%; P < .0001), and that for neonatal skin infections was 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65; I2, 0%, P < .00001).

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

neonatal skin infection incidence, born to mothers given azithromycin during labour/caesarean vs placebo

decreases, 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65; I2, 0%, P < .00001)

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for neonatal skin infection incidence

The pooled OR for pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52; I2, 0%; P < .0001), and that for neonatal skin infections was 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65; I2, 0%, P < .00001).

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

pyelonephritis and urinary tract infection incidence, azithromycin vs placebo during labour

pooled OR 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52; I2, 0%; P < .0001)

The pooled OR for pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52; I2, 0%; P < .0001), and that for neonatal skin infections was 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65; I2, 0%, P < .00001).

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

pyelonephritis and urinary tract infection incidence (maternal), azithromycin during labour/caesarean vs placebo

decreases, 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52; I2, 0%; P < .0001)

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for maternal pyelonephritis/urinary tract infection incidence

The pooled OR for pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.17-0.52; I2, 0%; P < .0001), and that for neonatal skin infections was 0.48 (95% CI, 0.35-0.65; I2, 0%, P < .00001).

PMID:38486177 · one of two readings recorded this

CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 (lower in intervention); IL-4 (higher in intervention)

decreases

The meta-analysis results of random-effect model showed an obviously increased level of IL-4 and lower levels of other inflammatory indicators in the intervention group than those in the control group.

PMID:38944667 · one of two readings recorded this

time to disappearance of fever, cough, lung rales; time to asthma relief; time to normal chest X-ray

decreases

The random-effect model was used due to relatively high heterogeneity, and the results demonstrated that the intervention group had significantly shorter time than the control group.

PMID:38944667 · one of two readings recorded this

total effectiveness rate, pulmonary function indices (FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF), symptom-resolution times (fever, cough, rales, asthma relief, chest X-ray normalisation), and inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8) in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia treated with azithromycin sequential therapy plus inhaled terbutaline vs azithromycin sequential therapy alone

increases, TER RR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.27 (fixed-effect model), n = 1770

Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

The results showed that TER of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group for the treatment of pediatric MPP (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.17 to 1.27, Z = 9.64, P < 0.001; Appendix S6.1 A).

PMID:38944667 · one of two readings recorded this

total effectiveness rate (TER)

increases, n = 1770

The results showed that TER of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group for the treatment of pediatric MPP (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.17 to 1.27, Z = 9.64, P < 0.001; Appendix S6.1 A).

PMID:38944667 · both readings recorded this

total effectiveness rate (TER), incidence of adverse events, pulmonary function (FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF), time to symptom resolution, and inflammatory markers, azithromycin sequential therapy plus inhaled terbutaline versus azithromycin sequential therapy alone

increases, RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.17 to 1.27, Z = 9.64, P < 0.001

Not recorded as a finding: the intervention held more than the compound

The results showed that TER of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group for the treatment of pediatric MPP (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.17 to 1.27, Z = 9.64, P < 0.001; Appendix S6.1 A).

PMID:38944667 · one of two readings recorded this

24-hour objective cough count/index, Guler et al. crossover RCT, IPF, azithromycin vs placebo

no effect, mean difference − 3.9 [95% CI − 10.2 to 2.3], p = 0.19, n = 25

24-h cough recording demonstrated no difference in coughs per hour between placebo and azithromycin (mean difference − 3.9 [95% CI − 10.2 to 2.3], p = 0.19).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

cough-related quality of life (Leicester Cough Questionnaire total score), pooled RCTs, azithromycin vs placebo

MD = 1.0 [95% CI - 0.51 to 2.51], p = 0.19, I2 = 0.68, p = 0.19, n = 224

Not recorded as a finding: this platform holds no node for the endpoint

When the RCTs were analysed alone, with a comparison of azithromycin vs placebo, there was no significant improvement of LCQ scores (MD = 1.0 [95% CI − 0.51 to 2.51], p = 0.19, I2 = 0.68).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

cough severity VAS/NRS score, Guler et al. crossover RCT, IPF, azithromycin vs placebo

no effect, mean difference 0.25 [95% CI − 1.12 to 1.63], p = 0.7, n = 25

There was no difference between cough severity VAS scores (mean difference 0.25 [95% CI − 1.12 to 1.63], p = 0.70).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

cough severity VAS score, Hodgson et al. RCT, chronic cough, azithromycin vs placebo

no effect, p = 0.21, n = 44

There was no significant difference between azithromycin and placebo in cough severity VAS scores (p = 0.21).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

cough severity visual analogue scale (VAS), all studies vs baseline

no effect, SMD = -0.39 [95% CI -0.92 to 0.14], p = 0.15, I2 = 0.54, p = 0.15, n = 85

When all studies were analysed together, there was no effect for reduction of cough severity VAS score with azithromycin treatment compared with baseline score (SMD = -0.39 [95% CI − 0.92 to 0.14], p = 0.15, I2 = 0.54).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

cough severity visual analogue scale (VAS), chronic cough, azithromycin vs placebo (Hodgson et al. trial)

no effect, p = 0.21

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for a cough-severity VAS instrument

There was no significant difference between azithromycin and placebo in cough severity VAS scores (p = 0.21).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

LCQ score and cough VAS, Fraser et al. non-comparative trial, sarcoidosis, azithromycin

increases, median change, 1.85 [− 1.17 to 12.18], p = 0.006, n = 21

This study showed a significant improvement in LCQ at 3 months (median change, 1.85 [− 1.17 to 12.18], p = 0.006).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

LCQ score, Berkhof et al. RCT, COPD, azithromycin vs placebo

increases, mean difference 1.3 [95% CI 0.3–2.3], p = 0.01, n = 84

It demonstrated a significantly greater mean increase in LCQ total score after 12 weeks in the azithromycin group compared with placebo (mean difference 1.3 [95% CI 0.3–2.3] p = 0.01), meeting the minimally clinical important difference for the LCQ.

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

LCQ score, Cameron et al. RCT, asthma/smokers, azithromycin vs placebo

no effect, n = 71

No effect was seen on mean LCQ following 12 weeks of treatment with azithromycin.

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

LCQ score, Guler et al. crossover RCT, IPF, azithromycin vs placebo

no effect, mean difference 0.68 [95% CI − 0.64 to 1.99], p = 0.29, n = 25

This study found no difference in total LCQ score (mean difference 0.68 [95% CI − 0.64 to 1.99], p = 0.29).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

LCQ score, Hodgson et al. RCT, chronic cough, azithromycin vs placebo, interim 4-week timepoint

increases, mean difference, 1.9 [95% CI 0.1 to 3.8], p = 0.04, n = 44

However, the between-group difference was only observed at 4 weeks and not past this point (mean difference, 1.9 [95% CI 0.1 to 3.8] p = 0.04).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

LCQ score, Martin et al. non-comparative trial, chronic cough, azithromycin

increases, median improvement of 6.3, n = 30

This showed a significant improvement in LCQ at 12 weeks with a median improvement of 6.3 (p < 0.001).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) score, pooled across 4 RCTs, azithromycin vs placebo

MD = 1.0 [95% CI − 0.51 to 2.51], p = 0.19

Not recorded as a finding: direction word present ('improvement') but result not statistically significant (p = 0.19); no two-sided null statement available to anchor no_effect

When the RCTs were analysed alone, with a comparison of azithromycin vs placebo, there was no significant improvement of LCQ scores (MD = 1.0 [95% CI − 0.51 to 2.51], p = 0.19, I2 = 0.68).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) score, pooled across all 6 studies (RCT+NCT), baseline vs follow-up

increases, MD = 2.24 [95% CI 0.28–4.20], p = 0.02

Not recorded as a finding: within-arm baseline-to-follow-up change pooled across randomised and non-comparative studies, not a between-arm placebo contrast

The meta-analysis found a significant improvement in LCQ scores with azithromycin treatment when compared to baseline scores (MD = 2.24 [95% CI 0.28–4.20], p = 0.02, I2 = 0.86).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) score, pooled all 6 studies, baseline vs follow-up

increases, MD = 2.24 [95% CI 0.28–4.20], p = 0.02

The meta-analysis found a significant improvement in LCQ scores with azithromycin treatment when compared to baseline scores (MD = 2.24 [95% CI 0.28–4.20], p = 0.02, I2 = 0.86).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) score, pooled RCTs vs placebo

MD = 1.0 [95% CI − 0.51 to 2.51], p = 0.19

When the RCTs were analysed alone, with a comparison of azithromycin vs placebo, there was no significant improvement of LCQ scores (MD = 1.0 [95% CI − 0.51 to 2.51], p = 0.19, I2 = 0.68).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) total score, pooled across all 6 studies vs baseline

increases, MD = 2.24 [95% CI 0.28-4.20], p = 0.02, I2 = 0.86, p = 0.02, n = 275

The meta-analysis found a significant improvement in LCQ scores with azithromycin treatment when compared to baseline scores (MD = 2.24 [95% CI 0.28–4.20], p = 0.02, I2 = 0.86).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) total score, RCTs only, azithromycin vs placebo

MD = 1.0 [95% CI - 0.51 to 2.51], p = 0.19, I2 = 0.68, p = 0.19, n = 224

When the RCTs were analysed alone, with a comparison of azithromycin vs placebo, there was no significant improvement of LCQ scores (MD = 1.0 [95% CI − 0.51 to 2.51], p = 0.19, I2 = 0.68).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

objective 24-hour cough count (cough index, coughs per hour)

no effect, SMD = -0.41 [95% CI -1.04 to 0.32], p = 0.09, I2 = 0.00, p = 0.09, n = 41

There was no reduction in cough index in the meta-analysis (SMD = − 0.41 [95% CI − 1.04 to 0.32], p = 0.09, I2 = 0.00).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

objective 24-hour cough count / cough index, pooled, azithromycin vs placebo

SMD = − 0.41 [95% CI − 1.04 to 0.32], p = 0.09

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node exists for objective cough counting; also the direction word ('reduction') carries no significant estimate and no two-sided null statement is present

There was no reduction in cough index in the meta-analysis (SMD = − 0.41 [95% CI − 1.04 to 0.32], p = 0.09, I2 = 0.00).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

objective 24-hour cough count/index, pooled, azithromycin vs placebo

SMD = − 0.41 [95% CI − 1.04 to 0.32], p = 0.09

There was no reduction in cough index in the meta-analysis (SMD = − 0.41 [95% CI − 1.04 to 0.32], p = 0.09, I2 = 0.00).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

SGRQ total score, Berkhof et al. RCT, COPD, azithromycin vs placebo

increases, mean difference -7.4 [95% CI − 12.5; − 2.5], p = 0.004, n = 84

There was also a significant improvement in SGRQ total score over 12 weeks with azithromycin compared with placebo mean difference -7.4 [95% CI − 12.5; − 2.5], p = 0.004).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

SGRQ total score, pooled 2 RCTs, azithromycin vs placebo

MD = -4.53 [95% − 10.41–1.35], p = 0.13

There was no significant reduction in SGRQ scores after a meta-analysis of the two studies (MD = -4.53 [95% − 10.41–1.35], p = 0.13, I2 = 0.98).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, azithromycin vs placebo (Berkhof et al. trial)

increases, mean difference -7.4 [95% CI − 12.5; − 2.5], p = 0.004

Not recorded as a finding: secondary instrument for health-related-quality-of-life already recorded for this trial via LCQ; avoiding a duplicate claim on the same node from one trial

There was also a significant improvement in SGRQ total score over 12 weeks with azithromycin compared with placebo mean difference -7.4 [95% CI − 12.5; − 2.5], p = 0.004).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, pooled across 2 RCTs, azithromycin vs placebo

MD = -4.53 [95% − 10.41–1.35], p = 0.13

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node conflict here, but the direction word ('reduction') carries no significant estimate (p = 0.13) and no two-sided null statement is present to anchor no_effect

There was no significant reduction in SGRQ scores after a meta-analysis of the two studies (MD = -4.53 [95% − 10.41–1.35], p = 0.13, I2 = 0.98).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, RCTs, azithromycin vs placebo

no effect, MD = -4.53 [95% CI -10.41 to 1.35], p = 0.13, I2 = 0.98, p = 0.13, n = 104

There was no significant reduction in SGRQ scores after a meta-analysis of the two studies (MD = -4.53 [95% − 10.41–1.35], p = 0.13, I2 = 0.98).

PMID:38990397 · one of two readings recorded this

adverse events (all preterm infants)

no effect, n = 1460

Not recorded as a finding: no_outcome_node: no node for general (non-seriousness-graded) adverse event incidence

The meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the azithromycin and the placebo/blank group (table 4, online supplemental figure 16).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

BPD (all preterm infants)

no effect, n = 1494

The results of the RCTs indicated no significant differences in the incidence of BPD, BPD-death and death among all preterm infants between the azithromycin and the placebo/blank group (table 2, online supplemental figures 3–5).

PMID:40044402 · both readings recorded this

BPD (azithromycin vs erythromycin)

decreases, reduced BPD, without a statistically significant difference (no numeric estimate given)

No significant differences in BPD were observed between azithromycin and erythromycin, and a trend towards a lower rate of BPD was noted with azithromycin.

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

BPD, BPD-death, death (all preterm infants)

no effect, n = 1360

The results of the RCTs indicated no significant differences in the incidence of BPD, BPD-death and death among all preterm infants between the azithromycin and the placebo/blank group (table 2, online supplemental figures 3–5).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

BPD-death composite (all preterm infants)

no effect, n = 1360

The results of the RCTs indicated no significant differences in the incidence of BPD, BPD-death and death among all preterm infants between the azithromycin and the placebo/blank group (table 2, online supplemental figures 3–5).

PMID:40044402 · both readings recorded this

BPD-death composite (assessed at 36 weeks), all preterm infants

no effect

Not recorded as a finding: death-or-severe-bpd-composite requires severe BPD specifically; this paper's composite does not specify BPD severity

The results of the RCTs indicated no significant differences in the incidence of BPD, BPD-death and death among all preterm infants between the azithromycin and the placebo/blank group (table 2, online supplemental figures 3–5).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

BPD-death composite (Ureaplasma-positive infants)

decreases, n = 148

Not recorded as a finding: no_outcome_node: no node for a BPD-or-death composite of unspecified BPD severity

Meanwhile, for Ureaplasma-positive preterm infants, the incidence of BPD-death was significantly lower in the azithromycin group compared with the placebo/blank group, and the rate of Ureaplasma clearance was significantly higher (table 2, online supplemental figure 4 and 6).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

BPD-death composite, Ureaplasma-positive preterm infants

decreases, n = 148

Meanwhile, for Ureaplasma-positive preterm infants, the incidence of BPD-death was significantly lower in the azithromycin group compared with the placebo/blank group, and the rate of Ureaplasma clearance was significantly higher (table 2, online supplemental figure 4 and 6).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

BPD-death composite, Ureaplasma-positive preterm infants (subgroup)

decreases

Not recorded as a finding: death-or-severe-bpd-composite requires severe BPD specifically, and this is a Ureaplasma-positive subgroup result rather than the whole-population estimate

Meanwhile, for Ureaplasma-positive preterm infants, the incidence of BPD-death was significantly lower in the azithromycin group compared with the placebo/blank group, and the rate of Ureaplasma clearance was significantly higher (table 2, online supplemental figure 4 and 6).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

BPD-death (Ureaplasma-positive infants)

decreases, n = 148

Meanwhile, for Ureaplasma-positive preterm infants, the incidence of BPD-death was significantly lower in the azithromycin group compared with the placebo/blank group, and the rate of Ureaplasma clearance was significantly higher (table 2, online supplemental figure 4 and 6).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

BPD (incidence)

no effect

Not recorded as a finding: bpd-incidence-any-grade requires the grading classification stated with each finding; this Results sentence names no grading system

The results of the RCTs indicated no significant differences in the incidence of BPD, BPD-death and death among all preterm infants between the azithromycin and the placebo/blank group (table 2, online supplemental figures 3–5).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

death (all preterm infants)

no effect, n = 1360

The results of the RCTs indicated no significant differences in the incidence of BPD, BPD-death and death among all preterm infants between the azithromycin and the placebo/blank group (table 2, online supplemental figures 3–5).

PMID:40044402 · both readings recorded this

duration of mechanical ventilation (all preterm infants)

decreases, n = 679

Compared with the placebo/blank group, azithromycin significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation, the duration of supplemental oxygen and the length of stay in all preterm neonates, with low quality of evidence (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 7–9).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

Duration of mechanical ventilation, all preterm neonates

decreases, n = 679

Compared with the placebo/blank group, azithromycin significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation, the duration of supplemental oxygen and the length of stay in all preterm neonates, with low quality of evidence (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 7–9).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

duration of mechanical ventilation (Ureaplasma-positive infants)

decreases, n = 209

Not recorded as a finding: subgroup result; the overall (all preterm infants) result for this endpoint was already recorded as a claim, so this Ureaplasma-positive-only subgroup finding is recorded here instead of as a second claim on the same node

Concurrently, azithromycin also significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation in Ureaplasma-positive neonates (table 2, online supplemental figure 7).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

duration of supplemental oxygen

decreases

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node in the supplied list covers duration of supplemental oxygen

Compared with the placebo/blank group, azithromycin significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation, the duration of supplemental oxygen and the length of stay in all preterm neonates, with low quality of evidence (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 7–9).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

duration of supplemental oxygen (all preterm infants)

decreases, n = 679

Compared with the placebo/blank group, azithromycin significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation, the duration of supplemental oxygen and the length of stay in all preterm neonates, with low quality of evidence (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 7–9).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

Duration of supplemental oxygen, all preterm neonates

decreases, n = 679

Compared with the placebo/blank group, azithromycin significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation, the duration of supplemental oxygen and the length of stay in all preterm neonates, with low quality of evidence (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 7–9).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

Incidence of adverse events

no effect

The meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the azithromycin and the placebo/blank group (table 4, online supplemental figure 16).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

Length of hospital stay, all preterm neonates

decreases, n = 778

Compared with the placebo/blank group, azithromycin significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation, the duration of supplemental oxygen and the length of stay in all preterm neonates, with low quality of evidence (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 7–9).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

length of stay (all preterm infants)

decreases, n = 778

Compared with the placebo/blank group, azithromycin significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation, the duration of supplemental oxygen and the length of stay in all preterm neonates, with low quality of evidence (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 7–9).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

necrotising enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular haemorrhage, periventricular leucomalacia, postnatal steroid use, patent ductus arteriosus (remaining secondary outcomes)

no effect

For the remaining secondary outcomes, no statistically significant differences were observed, and the quality of evidence was downgraded to low or moderate quality due to the risk of bias (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 10–15).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

necrotising enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular haemorrhage, periventricular leucomalacia, postnatal steroid use, patent ductus arteriosus (remaining secondary outcomes, all preterm infants)

no effect

Not recorded as a finding: these outcomes are grouped into one summary sentence with no per-endpoint result stated in prose (only in Table 2/3); recorded as a group rather than invented per-endpoint

For the remaining secondary outcomes, no statistically significant differences were observed, and the quality of evidence was downgraded to low or moderate quality due to the risk of bias (tables2 3, online supplemental figures 10–15).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

Ureaplasma clearance rate

increases

Not recorded as a finding: no outcome node in the supplied list covers microbiological eradication of Ureaplasma

Meanwhile, for Ureaplasma-positive preterm infants, the incidence of BPD-death was significantly lower in the azithromycin group compared with the placebo/blank group, and the rate of Ureaplasma clearance was significantly higher (table 2, online supplemental figure 4 and 6).

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

Ureaplasma clearance rate (Ureaplasma-positive infants)

increases, 80.56% vs 56.67%

Not recorded as a finding: no_outcome_node: no node for microbiological clearance of Ureaplasma

Specifically, the Ureaplasma clearance rate of azithromycin was 80.56%, while that in the blank/placebo group was 56.67%.

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

Ureaplasma clearance (Ureaplasma-positive infants)

increases, n = 96

Specifically, the Ureaplasma clearance rate of azithromycin was 80.56%, while that in the blank/placebo group was 56.67%.

PMID:40044402 · one of two readings recorded this

FEV1

increases, MD 1.91 (95% CI 1.09, 2.74)

Azithromycin was observed to be associated with increased FEV1 compared with the control, showing an MD of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.74, p < 0.00001) and non-significant heterogeneity.

PMID:40282944 · one of two readings recorded this

FEV1 by spirometry, pooled as mean difference across RCTs of azithromycin vs control in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients

increases, MD 1.91 (95% CI 1.09, 2.74)

Not recorded as a finding: a node exists but the paper states a different instrument or population

Azithromycin was observed to be associated with increased FEV1 compared with the control, showing an MD of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.74, p < 0.00001) and non-significant heterogeneity.

PMID:40282944 · one of two readings recorded this

Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)

increases, MD of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.74, p < 0.00001)

Azithromycin was observed to be associated with increased FEV1 compared with the control, showing an MD of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.74, p < 0.00001) and non-significant heterogeneity.

PMID:40282944 · one of two readings recorded this

forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), pooled mean difference across randomized controlled trials of azithromycin versus control in paediatric cystic fibrosis

increases, MD of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.74, p < 0.00001)

Not recorded as a finding: a node exists but the paper states a different instrument or population

Azithromycin was observed to be associated with increased FEV1 compared with the control, showing an MD of 1.91 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.74, p < 0.00001) and non-significant heterogeneity.

PMID:40282944 · one of two readings recorded this

FVC

no effect, MD 0.62 (95% CI -0.01, 1.25), p = 0.06

However, no significant difference was observed between azithromycin and control groups regarding FVC with MD = 0.62 (95% CI: -0.01, 1.25, p = 0.06).

PMID:40282944 · one of two readings recorded this

hospitalization rate

no effect, OR 0.88 (95% CI 0.55, 1.4), p = 0.59

No significant difference was observed between both groups regarding hospitalization rate, with OR = 0.88 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.4, p = 0.59).

PMID:40282944 · one of two readings recorded this

need for new antibiotic usage

decreases, OR 0.35 (95% CI 0.13, 0.94), p = 0.04

Regarding the need for new antibiotic usage, azithromycin showed a significantly lower need, with OR = 0.35 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.94, p = 0.04), I2 = 75%, p = 0.02.

PMID:40282944 · one of two readings recorded this