{
 "model": {
  "name": "caffeine.twin demonstration model",
  "version": 2,
  "sha256": "98af0315d6dbff4c9c40f801d7b16f99e8420854bd54114ac08501f02691d987",
  "built_from": [
   "PMID:27100333",
   "PMID:19125908",
   "PMID:35280254",
   "PMID:3756066",
   "PMID:3756065",
   "PMID:33388079",
   "PMID:22966134"
  ]
 },
 "protocol": {
  "version": 2,
  "commit": "46b2c662",
  "path": "src/app/(marketing)/twin/workspace/PROTOCOL.md"
 },
 "result": {
  "overall": {
   "n": 47,
   "within125": 21,
   "within15": 34,
   "twofold": 42,
   "inside": 24,
   "trialInside": 9,
   "afe": 0.9808800025351412,
   "aafe": 1.375134685077865
  },
  "by_metric": [
   {
    "metric": "cmax",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "summary": {
     "n": 13,
     "within125": 6,
     "within15": 10,
     "twofold": 12,
     "inside": 2,
     "trialInside": 1,
     "afe": 0.744294560769343,
     "aafe": 1.3461033239451499
    }
   },
   {
    "metric": "tmax",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "summary": {
     "n": 9,
     "within125": 3,
     "within15": 5,
     "twofold": 8,
     "inside": 4,
     "trialInside": 2,
     "afe": 1.4271936239984926,
     "aafe": 1.4669863505280638
    }
   },
   {
    "metric": "auc_inf",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "summary": {
     "n": 6,
     "within125": 5,
     "within15": 6,
     "twofold": 6,
     "inside": 5,
     "trialInside": 2,
     "afe": 1.0155743688927827,
     "aafe": 1.1815424268056522
    }
   },
   {
    "metric": "auc_0_t",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "summary": {
     "n": 2,
     "within125": 0,
     "within15": 0,
     "twofold": 1,
     "inside": 0,
     "trialInside": 0,
     "afe": 0.5240776222229252,
     "aafe": 1.9081142899374421
    }
   },
   {
    "metric": "t_half",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "summary": {
     "n": 10,
     "within125": 3,
     "within15": 8,
     "twofold": 9,
     "inside": 8,
     "trialInside": 0,
     "afe": 1.369986114920161,
     "aafe": 1.369986114920161
    }
   },
   {
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "summary": {
     "n": 6,
     "within125": 3,
     "within15": 4,
     "twofold": 5,
     "inside": 4,
     "trialInside": 3,
     "afe": 0.6966673332783756,
     "aafe": 1.4354053250842151
    }
   },
   {
    "metric": "cmax",
    "analyte": "paraxanthine",
    "summary": {
     "n": 1,
     "within125": 1,
     "within15": 1,
     "twofold": 1,
     "inside": 1,
     "trialInside": 1,
     "afe": 0.9517905047570838,
     "aafe": 1.050651372336626
    }
   }
  ],
  "by_source": [
   {
    "source": "record",
    "summary": {
     "n": 29,
     "within125": 11,
     "within15": 19,
     "twofold": 25,
     "inside": 14,
     "trialInside": 3,
     "afe": 1.0520479689058408,
     "aafe": 1.4125056845091242
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   },
   {
    "source": "library",
    "summary": {
     "n": 18,
     "within125": 10,
     "within15": 15,
     "twofold": 17,
     "inside": 10,
     "trialInside": 6,
     "afe": 0.8762064091747271,
     "aafe": 1.3169943122452883
    }
   }
  ],
  "papers": 21,
  "arms": 25,
  "virtual_subjects_per_arm": 1000,
  "seed": 1
 },
 "comparisons": [
  {
   "pmid": "22964452",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy males, 6 mg/kg caffeine, fasted",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 8.54436,
   "raw": "44 μmolL(-1)",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 420,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 14,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Peak concentration was greater in the 9mgkg(-1) fasted trial than the corresponding fed condition (70±9μmolL(-1) and 56±6μmolL(-1), respectively) and both were greater than the 6mgkg(-1) conditions (44±8μmolL(-1) and 38±8μmolL(-1) for 6mgkg(-1) fasted and fed, respectively).",
   "predicted": 7.274644034748923,
   "p05": 6.360803764873982,
   "p95": 8.40670761281405,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.8513971830246998,
   "trialP05": 7.0805318171576515,
   "trialP95": 7.64395803219554,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 14
  },
  {
   "pmid": "22964452",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy males, 9 mg/kg caffeine, fasted",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 13.5933,
   "raw": "70 μmolL(-1)",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 630,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 14,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Peak concentration was greater in the 9mgkg(-1) fasted trial than the corresponding fed condition (70±9μmolL(-1) and 56±6μmolL(-1), respectively) and both were greater than the 6mgkg(-1) conditions (44±8μmolL(-1) and 38±8μmolL(-1) for 6mgkg(-1) fasted and fed, respectively).",
   "predicted": 11.010065679512469,
   "p05": 9.588670141283927,
   "p95": 12.642392938989511,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.8099626786367158,
   "trialP05": 10.59635745421311,
   "trialP95": 11.421401932823887,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 14
  },
  {
   "pmid": "28758694",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "energy drink",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 1.939,
   "raw": "1939 ng ml-1",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 100,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 17,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "peak plasma concentration 1790 and 1939 ng ml-1",
   "predicted": 1.963038789558442,
   "p05": 1.5660377388329638,
   "p95": 2.4398589344754433,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.0123975191121413,
   "trialP05": 1.8648184319035441,
   "trialP95": 2.083235653405271,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 17
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29230348",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "instant coffee",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 1.3,
   "raw": "1300 ng/mL",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 50.65,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 16,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Cmax (ng/mL) | 1180 (24.2) | 1300 (28.6)",
   "predicted": 0.98942011644315,
   "p05": 0.7896103243550276,
   "p95": 1.2493141954521017,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.7610923972639615,
   "trialP05": 0.944509974033238,
   "trialP95": 1.0597177895571488,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 16
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29659178",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "caffeine from green coffee",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 1.91,
   "raw": "1.91 μg/mL",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 60,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Cmax, μg/mL | 15 | 1.91 (0.876) | 16 | 2.09 (1.49)",
   "predicted": 1.0519225309408462,
   "p05": 0.9205745903407806,
   "p95": 1.2119233899883397,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.5507447805973017,
   "trialP05": 1.016993103434235,
   "trialP95": 1.1026451352881443,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29659178",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "synthetic caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 2.09,
   "raw": "2.09 μg/mL",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 60,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Cmax, μg/mL | 15 | 1.91 (0.876) | 16 | 2.09 (1.49)",
   "predicted": 1.043806315741791,
   "p05": 0.9120451952001889,
   "p95": 1.1991690742608447,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.4994288592065986,
   "trialP05": 1.0057691333451906,
   "trialP95": 1.0907635430369576,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30758744",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with aspirin and paracetamol",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 1.06,
   "raw": "1.06 µg/ml",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 50,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 18,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Cmax (µg/ml) | 1.06 | 1.09 | 25.9",
   "predicted": 0.8620995988363416,
   "p05": 0.7572963201032795,
   "p95": 0.9980275908715772,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.8133015083361712,
   "trialP05": 0.8424615210631389,
   "trialP95": 0.9012906748093502,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 18
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30897305",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with ibuprofen, fasted",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 2.53,
   "raw": "2.53 µg/mL",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 100,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Cmax (µg/mL) | 31.4 (5.22) | 31.8 (6.74) | 44.9 (8.77) | 2.53 (0.72)",
   "predicted": 1.9522306139051988,
   "p05": 1.554354856158225,
   "p95": 2.440278384854232,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.7716326537174699,
   "trialP05": 1.8303268555015852,
   "trialP95": 2.1139498791532123,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "4029248",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "non-smoking drug-free healthy control females, 162 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 4.09,
   "raw": "4.09 micrograms/ml",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 162,
   "sex": "female",
   "n": 9,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "(3.99 vs 4.09 micrograms/ml)",
   "predicted": 3.5275969791056743,
   "p05": 3.080429776524643,
   "p95": 4.063738884558413,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.8624931489255928,
   "trialP05": 3.3630580574940856,
   "trialP95": 3.709116696013453,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 9
  },
  {
   "pmid": "6832208",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "oral solution, 5 mg/kg",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 10,
   "raw": "10 micrograms/ml",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 350,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "In addition, the variation in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was low, 10.0 +/- 1.0 micrograms/ml",
   "predicted": 6.089131499498608,
   "p05": 5.349324200656676,
   "p95": 6.992242032804692,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.6089131499498608,
   "trialP05": 5.875372331198304,
   "trialP95": 6.36852636507889,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "9010706",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "cola, 72 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 1.57,
   "raw": "1.57 micrograms.ml-1",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 72,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 7,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "For cola, Cmax: 1.57 micrograms.ml-1",
   "predicted": 1.407378093754419,
   "p05": 1.1204554343283326,
   "p95": 1.7572393388500385,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.8964191679964452,
   "trialP05": 1.29099923662289,
   "trialP95": 1.538418118987214,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 7
  },
  {
   "pmid": "9010706",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "caffeine capsules 72 mg, treatment 1",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 1.93,
   "raw": "1.93 micrograms.ml-1",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 72,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 7,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "capsule treatments 1 (Cmax: 1.93 micrograms.ml-1)",
   "predicted": 1.4078492987783822,
   "p05": 1.121165519353173,
   "p95": 1.770602302479544,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.7294555952219597,
   "trialP05": 1.289036314094476,
   "trialP95": 1.5506019326939693,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 7
  },
  {
   "pmid": "9010706",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "caffeine capsules 72 mg, treatment 2",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 2.05,
   "raw": "2.05 micrograms.ml-1",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 72,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 7,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "and 2 (Cmax: 2.05 micrograms.ml-1)",
   "predicted": 1.4000513835499917,
   "p05": 1.1283724934809671,
   "p95": 1.7681855213018411,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.6829518944146301,
   "trialP05": 1.2980748332129486,
   "trialP95": 1.5564862345509713,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 7
  },
  {
   "pmid": "22964452",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy males, 6 mg/kg caffeine, fasted",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 1,
   "raw": "60 min",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 420,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 14,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Peak caffeine concentration occurred 60min following ingestion for both the 6 and 9mgkg(-1) fasted (p<0.001) trials compared to 120 and 180min following ingestion for the 6 and 9mgkg(-1) fed trials",
   "predicted": 0.9400000000000001,
   "p05": 0.64,
   "p95": 1.3809999999999991,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.9400000000000001,
   "trialP05": 0.79,
   "trialP95": 1.1,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 14
  },
  {
   "pmid": "22964452",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy males, 9 mg/kg caffeine, fasted",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 1,
   "raw": "60 min",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 630,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 14,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Peak caffeine concentration occurred 60min following ingestion for both the 6 and 9mgkg(-1) fasted (p<0.001) trials compared to 120 and 180min following ingestion for the 6 and 9mgkg(-1) fed trials",
   "predicted": 0.9400000000000001,
   "p05": 0.64,
   "p95": 1.4000000000000001,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.9400000000000001,
   "trialP05": 0.8,
   "trialP95": 1.1300000000000001,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 14
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29230348",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "instant coffee",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 0.625,
   "raw": "0.625 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 50.65,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 16,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "tmax a (h) | 0.667 (0.250–1.50) | 0.625 (0.333–1.50)",
   "predicted": 1.02,
   "p05": 0.68,
   "p95": 1.56,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 1.6320000000000001,
   "trialP05": 0.87,
   "trialP95": 1.19,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 16
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29659178",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "synthetic caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 0.63,
   "raw": "0.63 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 60,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "tmax, h a | 15 | 0.75 (0.50, 1.50) | 16 | 0.63 (0.50, 1.50)",
   "predicted": 0.9400000000000001,
   "p05": 0.64,
   "p95": 1.4000000000000001,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 1.492063492063492,
   "trialP05": 0.79,
   "trialP95": 1.13,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29659178",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "caffeine from green coffee",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 0.75,
   "raw": "0.75 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 60,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "tmax, h a | 15 | 0.75 (0.50, 1.50) | 16 | 0.63 (0.50, 1.50)",
   "predicted": 0.9400000000000001,
   "p05": 0.64,
   "p95": 1.4000000000000001,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.2533333333333334,
   "trialP05": 0.7895000000000001,
   "trialP95": 1.12,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30758744",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with aspirin and paracetamol",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 0.5,
   "raw": "0.5 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 50,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 18,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "tmax (h) | 0.50",
   "predicted": 0.9400000000000001,
   "p05": 0.64,
   "p95": 1.4000000000000001,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 1.8800000000000001,
   "trialP05": 0.8200000000000001,
   "trialP95": 1.1,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 18
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30897305",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with ibuprofen, fasted",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 0.5,
   "raw": "0.5 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 100,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Median tmax (h) | 1.88 | 1.88 | 0.50 | 0.50",
   "predicted": 1.02,
   "p05": 0.68,
   "p95": 1.600999999999999,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 2.04,
   "trialP05": 0.86,
   "trialP95": 1.2404999999999995,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "36602880",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "immediate-release tablet",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 0.83,
   "raw": "0.83 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 200,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Mean tmax was 4.08 ± 2.13h for SR-Caffeine compared to 0.83 ± 0.39h for IR-Caffeine, (p < 0.0001)",
   "predicted": 1.02,
   "p05": 0.68,
   "p95": 1.56,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.2289156626506026,
   "trialP05": 0.87,
   "trialP95": 1.23,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "6832208",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "oral solution, 5 mg/kg",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "tmax",
   "value": 0.49666666666666665,
   "raw": "29.8 min",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "median",
   "doseMg": 350,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "The oral absorption was very rapid, reaching a peak (Tp) plasma concentration after 29.8 +/- 8.1 min (mean +/- SEM)",
   "predicted": 0.96,
   "p05": 0.64,
   "p95": 1.36,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 1.9328859060402686,
   "trialP05": 0.79,
   "trialP95": 1.1204999999999996,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "10492057",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "women, three cycle phases",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "auc_inf",
   "value": 83,
   "raw": "83 mg 1(-1) h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 300,
   "sex": "female",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "83.0 mg 1(-1) h and 2.06 h(-1), respectively, during the luteal phase",
   "predicted": 74.60354414717081,
   "p05": 55.18181900343694,
   "p95": 103.47766034481236,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.8988378812912146,
   "trialP05": 69.20821733836623,
   "trialP95": 84.24800377077423,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "10492057",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "women, three cycle phases",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "auc_inf",
   "value": 84.7,
   "raw": "84.7 mg 1(-1) x h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 300,
   "sex": "female",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "84.7 mg 1(-1) x h and 1.84 h(-1), respectively, during the follicular phase",
   "predicted": 74.60354414717081,
   "p05": 55.18181900343694,
   "p95": 103.47766034481236,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.8807974515604582,
   "trialP05": 69.65635454775311,
   "trialP95": 83.69442211713205,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "10492057",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "women, three cycle phases",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "auc_inf",
   "value": 93.01,
   "raw": "93.01 mg 1(-1) x h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 300,
   "sex": "female",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "was 93.01 mg 1(-1) x h and the absorption rate constant (ka) was 2.88 h(-1) during the ovulatory phase",
   "predicted": 74.60354414717081,
   "p05": 55.18181900343694,
   "p95": 103.47766034481236,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.8021023991739684,
   "trialP05": 69.18668552795178,
   "trialP95": 83.76102788446022,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29230348",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "instant coffee",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "auc_inf",
   "value": 8.52,
   "raw": "8520 h·ng/mL",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 50.65,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 16,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "AUC0-∞ (h·ng/mL) | 7440 (34.6) | 8520 (35.2)",
   "predicted": 10.131380115265785,
   "p05": 6.006545533844329,
   "p95": 17.044324776242394,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.1891291215100688,
   "trialP05": 9.17488291869655,
   "trialP95": 11.879045333990929,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 16
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30758744",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with aspirin and paracetamol",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "auc_inf",
   "value": 5.73,
   "raw": "5.73 µg h/ml",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 50,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 18,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "AUC0–∞ (µg h/ml) | Test | 5.73 | 6.06 | 35.0",
   "predicted": 7.838608132838885,
   "p05": 5.746421723551053,
   "p95": 10.618266586751092,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 1.3679944385408174,
   "trialP05": 7.412682180632848,
   "trialP95": 8.566344323290723,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 18
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30897305",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with ibuprofen, fasted",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "auc_inf",
   "value": 18.7,
   "raw": "18.7 µg · h/mL",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 100,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "AUC0–∞ (µg · h/mL) | 138 (31.2) a | 130 (26.4) | 127 (26.4) | 18.7 (13.1)",
   "predicted": 19.861471305175186,
   "p05": 11.96221430017521,
   "p95": 33.37013244011628,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.0621107649826302,
   "trialP05": 17.728309378770852,
   "trialP95": 23.961513363791415,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29659178",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "caffeine from green coffee",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "auc_0_t",
   "value": 6.35,
   "raw": "6.35 μg·h/mL",
   "timeH": 4,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 60,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "AUC0–4 h, μg·h/mL | 15 | 6.35 (3.34) | 16 | 6.99 (5.45)",
   "predicted": 3.507357258271032,
   "p05": 3.0572266897917144,
   "p95": 4.032153428595838,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.5523397257119735,
   "trialP05": 3.392065070641031,
   "trialP95": 3.6715031762742476,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29659178",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "synthetic caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "auc_0_t",
   "value": 6.99,
   "raw": "6.99 μg·h/mL",
   "timeH": 4,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 60,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "AUC0–4 h, μg·h/mL | 15 | 6.35 (3.34) | 16 | 6.99 (5.45)",
   "predicted": 3.4758588163977855,
   "p05": 3.0630162943099712,
   "p95": 4.01432371975511,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.4972616332471796,
   "trialP05": 3.354363409679971,
   "trialP95": 3.6327196626224345,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "15051740",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy volunteers, 300 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 4.3,
   "raw": "4.3 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 300,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "values of clearance (0.035 vs. 0.094 L/h/kg), elimination coefficient (0.061 vs. 0.153 h(-1)), and half-life (11.4 vs. 4.3 h)",
   "predicted": 6.314666110565495,
   "p05": 4.118777403353375,
   "p95": 9.60690075177857,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.468527002457092,
   "trialP05": 5.694666939086345,
   "trialP95": 7.304872875878865,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "16236038",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with placebo",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 4.9,
   "raw": "4.9 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 250,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "prolonged its elimination half-life (4.9 vs. 56 h, P < 0.01; mean difference: 51 h, 95% CI: 26-76)",
   "predicted": 6.2616874699245075,
   "p05": 4.142956392262734,
   "p95": 9.648750708127123,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.2778954020254096,
   "trialP05": 5.703731355291324,
   "trialP95": 7.310479714281124,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29230348",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "instant coffee",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 4.7,
   "raw": "4.7 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 50.65,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 16,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "t1/2 b (h) | 4.91 (1.44) | 4.70 (1.26)",
   "predicted": 6.237125281275077,
   "p05": 4.07878762030503,
   "p95": 9.735587708868698,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.3270479321861866,
   "trialP05": 5.7454164640416865,
   "trialP95": 7.204160858281283,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 16
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30758744",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with aspirin and paracetamol",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 4.29,
   "raw": "4.29 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 50,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 18,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "t1/2 (h) | 4.29 | 4.50 | 31.7",
   "predicted": 5.496204526687411,
   "p05": 3.9037733948678457,
   "p95": 7.853771849064466,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.2811665563373917,
   "trialP05": 5.218846465230458,
   "trialP95": 6.154586551827129,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 18
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30897305",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "with ibuprofen, fasted",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 5.64,
   "raw": "5.64 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 100,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "Mean t1/2 (h) | 2.54 (0.88) | 2.13 (0.25) | 2.26 (0.37) | 5.64 (3.22)",
   "predicted": 6.227994262552318,
   "p05": 4.145321657465292,
   "p95": 9.63893669672437,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.1042543018709785,
   "trialP05": 5.739234793518906,
   "trialP95": 7.292774840292768,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "36602880",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "immediate-release tablet",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 5.78,
   "raw": "5.78 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 200,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "mean t½ was 7.07 ± 3.48h for SR-Caffeine compared to 5.78 ± 2.11h for IR-Caffeine (p = 0.04189)",
   "predicted": 6.294164566201147,
   "p05": 4.151171218072536,
   "p95": 9.439766969249153,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.0889558073012364,
   "trialP05": 5.803310993220762,
   "trialP95": 7.257598704738682,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "3830245",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "lean men, at rest",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 2.59,
   "raw": "2.59 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 408.1,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": 3,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "longer serum half-life (t1/2 4.37 vs. 2.59 h)",
   "predicted": 5.414542417228201,
   "p05": 3.8973827728866466,
   "p95": 7.9161815011515895,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 2.0905569178487267,
   "trialP05": 4.522934941218348,
   "trialP95": 6.939359589238292,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 3
  },
  {
   "pmid": "4027137",
   "source": "record",
   "arm": "normal body weight",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 5.4,
   "raw": "5.4 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 162,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 23,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "elimination half-life (7.05 +/- 1.08-obese vs 5.40 +/- 0.40 h; NS)",
   "predicted": 6.346198159281924,
   "p05": 4.1418380296113435,
   "p95": 9.601269113650318,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.1752218813485042,
   "trialP05": 5.941060806554908,
   "trialP95": 7.113634314401513,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 23
  },
  {
   "pmid": "4029248",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "non-smoking drug-free healthy control females, 162 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 5.37,
   "raw": "5.37 h",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 162,
   "sex": "female",
   "n": 9,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "(mean 7.88 h vs 5.37 h in the controls)",
   "predicted": 7.284749270828331,
   "p05": 5.1234674686207935,
   "p95": 10.111998044241027,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 1.3565641100238977,
   "trialP05": 6.587346562666499,
   "trialP95": 8.275766447799363,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 9
  },
  {
   "pmid": "6126344",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "adult male volunteers, 5 mg/kg radiolabeled caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "t_half",
   "value": 3,
   "raw": "3 hr",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 350,
   "sex": "male",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "The half-life of caffeine in both serum and saliva was approximately 3 hr",
   "predicted": 5.4640154634437526,
   "p05": 3.9142238535723384,
   "p95": 7.795704291488559,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 1.8213384878145842,
   "trialP05": 5.002735122050083,
   "trialP95": 6.182918254635674,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "15051740",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy volunteers, 300 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cl_f",
   "value": 6.58,
   "raw": "0.094 L/h/kg",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 300,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": null,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "values of clearance (0.035 vs. 0.094 L/h/kg), elimination coefficient (0.061 vs. 0.153 h(-1)), and half-life (11.4 vs. 4.3 h)",
   "predicted": 4.999993815385173,
   "p05": 3.012401939423276,
   "p95": 8.338246281619025,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.7598774795418195,
   "trialP05": 4.571550323435004,
   "trialP95": 6.0606053828447655,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 12
  },
  {
   "pmid": "2060878",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "hospital and normal control subjects, 300 mg caffeine citrate",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cl_f",
   "value": 5.3340000000000005,
   "raw": "1.27 ml/min/kg",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 300,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 35,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "compared with control subjects (median 1.27 ml/min/kg, p less than 0.001)",
   "predicted": 4.965363044338057,
   "p05": 3.0153272387583105,
   "p95": 8.433544600754662,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.9308892096621778,
   "trialP05": 4.789441728651325,
   "trialP95": 5.720613967647622,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 35
  },
  {
   "pmid": "3356110",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy control subjects, 400 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cl_f",
   "value": 5.460000000000001,
   "raw": "1.3 ml min-1 kg-1",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 400,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 8,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "the mean (+/- SD) serum caffeine clearance was 1.3 +/- 0.4 ml min-1 kg-1",
   "predicted": 5.007235766756861,
   "p05": 3.0239767114694427,
   "p95": 8.212266374191847,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.9170761477576668,
   "trialP05": 4.385672136810858,
   "trialP95": 6.230483480538111,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 8
  },
  {
   "pmid": "4029248",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "non-smoking drug-free healthy control females, 162 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cl_f",
   "value": 7.3500000000000005,
   "raw": "1.75 ml/min/kg",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 162,
   "sex": "female",
   "n": 9,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "(1.05 vs 1.75 ml/min/kg, respectively)",
   "predicted": 3.896622185691487,
   "p05": 2.922888377743616,
   "p95": 5.336643511452903,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.5301526783253723,
   "trialP05": 3.616085524853873,
   "trialP95": 4.428415614109243,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 9
  },
  {
   "pmid": "4079279",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy volunteers, 140 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cl_f",
   "value": 13.020000000000001,
   "raw": "3.1 ml/min per kg",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 140,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 10,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "(0.23 +/- 0.04 h-1; 3.1 +/- 0.9 ml/min per kg)",
   "predicted": 5.035054889093551,
   "p05": 3.0526013720402676,
   "p95": 8.50122229145056,
   "inside": false,
   "fold": 0.38671696536816824,
   "trialP05": 4.4691348504245605,
   "trialP95": 6.281512631057791,
   "trialInside": false,
   "trialN": 10
  },
  {
   "pmid": "7371463",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy controls, 250 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "caffeine",
   "metric": "cl_f",
   "value": 5.88,
   "raw": "1.4 ml/min/kg",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 250,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 15,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "significantly higher (1.4 +/- 0.5 ml/min/kg) in controls as compared to cirrhotics (0.9 +/- 0.3 ml/min/kg)",
   "predicted": 5.054623999574741,
   "p05": 3.0541880842994664,
   "p95": 8.307038546378703,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.8596299319004661,
   "trialP05": 4.625688856514821,
   "trialP95": 5.97541893999842,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 15
  },
  {
   "pmid": "10877011",
   "source": "library",
   "arm": "healthy adult Nigerians, 300 mg caffeine",
   "analyte": "paraxanthine",
   "metric": "cmax",
   "value": 1.4,
   "raw": "1.4 microg/ml",
   "timeH": null,
   "statistic": "mean",
   "doseMg": 300,
   "sex": "both",
   "n": 10,
   "mass": 70,
   "smoker": false,
   "quote": "in healthy controls (1.4 +/- 0.5 microg/ml)",
   "predicted": 1.3325067066599172,
   "p05": 1.009700607947763,
   "p95": 1.6773850795929166,
   "inside": true,
   "fold": 0.9517905047570838,
   "trialP05": 1.2357870763845153,
   "trialP95": 1.4399352813141186,
   "trialInside": true,
   "trialN": 10
  }
 ],
 "excluded_at_simulation": [
  {
   "pmid": "29230348",
   "what": "chewing-gum arm",
   "reason": "Absorbed through the cheek; the model absorbs from the gut only."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "16158445",
   "what": "all arms",
   "reason": "Chewing gum, repeated doses."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "36602880",
   "what": "sustained-release arm",
   "reason": "The model absorbs by one first-order step only."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30897305",
   "what": "fed arms",
   "reason": "The model has no food effect on absorption."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "28758694",
   "what": "inhaled arm (AeroShot)",
   "reason": "Not taken by mouth."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "4027137",
   "what": "obese arm",
   "reason": "The model scales by body mass and has no body-composition term."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "3830245",
   "what": "obese arm and exercise arms",
   "reason": "Body composition, and exercise, are not modelled."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "16236038",
   "what": "fluvoxamine arm",
   "reason": "A CYP1A2 inhibitor; the model does not model fluvoxamine."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "38140290",
   "what": "all values",
   "reason": "Saliva, and figures quoted from other studies."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "36447122",
   "what": "all values",
   "reason": "A background statement, not a measurement in the paper’s own subjects."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "38466174",
   "what": "all values",
   "reason": "A background statement, not a measurement in the paper’s own subjects."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "15752380",
   "what": "all values",
   "reason": "Population estimates of clearance and volume; none of the four compared summaries is reported."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "26358647",
   "what": "all values",
   "reason": "Protein binding; not a compared summary."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "28929443",
   "what": "all values",
   "reason": "Protein binding after intravenous caffeine."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "29230348",
   "what": "AUC to the last sample",
   "reason": "The record does not say when sampling ended."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "28758694",
   "what": "AUC to the last sample",
   "reason": "The record does not say when sampling ended."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30758744",
   "what": "AUC to the last sample",
   "reason": "The record does not say when sampling ended."
  },
  {
   "pmid": "30897305",
   "what": "AUC to the last sample",
   "reason": "The record does not say when sampling ended."
  }
 ],
 "library": {
  "counts": {
   "reader_a": 153,
   "reader_b": 149,
   "agreed": 141,
   "verbatim": 141,
   "included": 18,
   "excluded": 123,
   "disagreements": 20
  },
  "excluded_by_scope": [
   {
    "pmid": "1033273",
    "arm": "human volunteers, radioimmunoassay half-life",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 4,
    "unit": "hours",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "10376760",
    "arm": "863 healthy Caucasians, caffeine test dose, saliva-derived clearance",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.34,
    "unit": "ml min(-1) kg b.w.(-1)",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "10877011",
    "arm": "adult Nigerians with acute falciparum malaria, 300 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "paraxanthine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 0.9,
    "unit": "microg/ ml",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "12087345",
    "arm": "two subjects taking oral contraceptives, ephedra/guarana supplement with 200 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 15.5,
    "unit": "hours",
    "reason": "oral contraceptive users"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "12087345",
    "arm": "two subjects taking oral contraceptives, ephedra/guarana supplement with 200 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.34,
    "unit": "mL/min. kg",
    "reason": "oral contraceptive users"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "12087345",
    "arm": "subjects not taking oral contraceptives, ephedra/guarana supplement with 200 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 5.6,
    "unit": "hours",
    "reason": "co-administered: ephedrine alkaloids 20 mg (thermogenic dietary supplement)"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "12087345",
    "arm": "subjects not taking oral contraceptives, ephedra/guarana supplement with 200 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.99,
    "unit": "mL/min. kg",
    "reason": "co-administered: ephedrine alkaloids 20 mg (thermogenic dietary supplement)"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "14586387",
    "arm": "smokers, cigarette smoking condition, 250 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 2,
    "unit": "mL x min(-1) x kg(-1)",
    "reason": "co-administered: chlorzoxazone 250 mg"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "14586387",
    "arm": "smokers, air condition, 250 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.5,
    "unit": "mL x min(-1) x kg(-1)",
    "reason": "co-administered: chlorzoxazone 250 mg"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15022032",
    "arm": "healthy control men",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.094,
    "unit": "l/h/kg",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15022032",
    "arm": "alcohol-dependent men with abnormal liver function tests",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.044,
    "unit": "l/h/kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15022032",
    "arm": "alcohol-dependent men with normal liver function tests",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.107,
    "unit": "l/h/kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15051740",
    "arm": "cirrhotic patients, 300 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.035,
    "unit": "L/h/kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15051740",
    "arm": "cirrhotic patients, 300 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 11.4,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15289794",
    "arm": "heavy smokers before cessation, 148 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 2.47,
    "unit": "mL. min(-1). kg(-1) body weight",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15289794",
    "arm": "former heavy smokers after smoking cessation (new steady state), 148 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.53,
    "unit": "mL. min(-1). kg(-1) body weight",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15752380",
    "arm": "healthy subjects, population model",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.083,
    "unit": "l min(-1)",
    "reason": "co-administered: ephedrine in some treatments"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15752380",
    "arm": "healthy subjects, population model",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "value": 38.6,
    "unit": "l",
    "reason": "co-administered: ephedrine in some treatments"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "15752380",
    "arm": "healthy subjects on oral contraceptive therapy, population model",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.038,
    "unit": "l min(-1)",
    "reason": "oral contraceptive users"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "16158445",
    "arm": "healthy non-smokers, 50 mg caffeine gum, multiple dose",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 2.69,
    "unit": "mg/l",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "16158445",
    "arm": "healthy non-smokers, 50 mg caffeine gum, multiple dose",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "auc_inf",
    "value": 33.2,
    "unit": "mg/l * h",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "16158445",
    "arm": "healthy non-smokers, 100 mg caffeine gum, multiple dose",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 3.45,
    "unit": "mg/l",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "16158445",
    "arm": "healthy non-smokers, 100 mg caffeine gum, multiple dose",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "auc_inf",
    "value": 46.94,
    "unit": "mg/l * h",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "16158445",
    "arm": "healthy non-smokers, 200 mg caffeine gum, multiple dose",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 6.33,
    "unit": "mg/l",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "16158445",
    "arm": "healthy non-smokers, 200 mg caffeine gum, multiple dose",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "auc_inf",
    "value": 86.94,
    "unit": "mg/l * h",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2060878",
    "arm": "alcoholic liver disease, 300 mg caffeine citrate",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.19,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2060878",
    "arm": "all subjects with liver disease, 300 mg caffeine citrate",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.32,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2069371",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmoking men, 200 mg caffeine daily with placebo",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 4.35,
    "unit": "micrograms/ml",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2069371",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmoking men, 200 mg caffeine daily with placebo",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "auc_0_t",
    "value": 30.3,
    "unit": "micrograms.h/ml",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2069371",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmoking men, 200 mg caffeine daily with placebo",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 4.8,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2069371",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmoking men, 200 mg caffeine daily with lomefloxacin 400 mg",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 4.07,
    "unit": "micrograms/ml",
    "reason": "co-administered: lomefloxacin 400 mg"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2069371",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmoking men, 200 mg caffeine daily with lomefloxacin 400 mg",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "auc_0_t",
    "value": 29.7,
    "unit": "micrograms.h/ml",
    "reason": "co-administered: lomefloxacin 400 mg"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2069371",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmoking men, 200 mg caffeine daily with lomefloxacin 400 mg",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 4.8,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "co-administered: lomefloxacin 400 mg"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2185297",
    "arm": "cirrhosis patients, overnight saliva caffeine clearance",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.51,
    "unit": "ml/min per kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22964452",
    "arm": "healthy males, 6 mg/kg caffeine, fed high carbohydrate meal",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 38,
    "unit": "μmolL(-1)",
    "reason": "co-administered: high carbohydrate meal"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22964452",
    "arm": "healthy males, 9 mg/kg caffeine, fed high carbohydrate meal",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 56,
    "unit": "μmolL(-1)",
    "reason": "co-administered: high carbohydrate meal"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2713214",
    "arm": "patients with compensated cirrhosis, 400 mg oral caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 10.9,
    "unit": "mg l-1",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2713214",
    "arm": "patients with compensated cirrhosis, 400 mg oral caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "value": 0.38,
    "unit": "l kg-1",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2713214",
    "arm": "healthy control subjects, 400 mg oral caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 7.1,
    "unit": "mg l-1",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2713214",
    "arm": "healthy control subjects, 400 mg oral caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "value": 0.41,
    "unit": "l kg-1",
    "reason": "matrix: not_stated"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2729942",
    "arm": "healthy fasting males, 100 mg caffeine alone",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 5.2,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "matrix: not_stated"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2729942",
    "arm": "healthy fasting males, 100 mg caffeine alone",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 106,
    "unit": "ml/min per 1.73 m2",
    "reason": "matrix: not_stated"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2729942",
    "arm": "healthy fasting males, 100 mg caffeine with third dose of ciprofloxacin 750 mg every 12 h",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 8.2,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "co-administered: ciprofloxacin 750 mg every 12 h"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2729942",
    "arm": "healthy fasting males, 100 mg caffeine with third dose of ciprofloxacin 750 mg every 12 h",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 58.2,
    "unit": "ml/min per 1.73 m2",
    "reason": "co-administered: ciprofloxacin 750 mg every 12 h"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "32071850",
    "arm": "male non-smokers, 3 mg/kg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.51,
    "unit": "mL min-1 kg-1",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "32071850",
    "arm": "female non-smokers, 3 mg/kg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.6,
    "unit": "mL min-1 kg-1",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "32737938",
    "arm": "Chinese premature infants with apnea, caffeine citrate",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.268,
    "unit": "L/h",
    "reason": "infants or children"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3356110",
    "arm": "compensated cirrhosis, 400 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.4,
    "unit": "ml min-1 kg-1",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3356110",
    "arm": "decompensated cirrhosis, 400 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.4,
    "unit": "ml min-1 kg-1",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3371873",
    "arm": "control smokers without liver disease, 366 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 114,
    "unit": "ml per min",
    "reason": "matrix: not_stated"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3371873",
    "arm": "smoking patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 366 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 63,
    "unit": "ml per min",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3371873",
    "arm": "nonsmoking patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 366 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 34,
    "unit": "ml per min",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3741730",
    "arm": "healthy subjects, single doses of anhydrous caffeine 250 mg and 500 mg",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 5,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3943270",
    "arm": "17 healthy adults, coffee and tea over 24 h",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.2,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "reason": "repeated or steady-state dosing"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3948467",
    "arm": "normal men, before disulfiram (250 mg/day comparison)",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 142,
    "unit": "ml/min",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3948467",
    "arm": "normal men, disulfiram 250 mg/day",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 99,
    "unit": "ml/min",
    "reason": "co-administered: disulfiram 250 mg/day"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3948467",
    "arm": "normal men, before disulfiram (500 mg/day comparison)",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 161,
    "unit": "ml/min",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3948467",
    "arm": "normal men, disulfiram 500 mg/day",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 114,
    "unit": "ml/min",
    "reason": "co-administered: disulfiram 500 mg/day"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3948467",
    "arm": "recovering alcoholics, before disulfiram",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 333,
    "unit": "ml/min",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3948467",
    "arm": "recovering alcoholics, during disulfiram",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 253,
    "unit": "ml/min",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "40000478",
    "arm": "adults, 60 mg caffeine via mouth spray",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "auc_0_t",
    "value": 61,
    "unit": "min*mg/L",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "40000478",
    "arm": "adults, 60 mg caffeine via mouth spray",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 1.6,
    "unit": "mg/L",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "40000478",
    "arm": "adults, 60 mg caffeine via mouth spray",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "value": 90,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "40000478",
    "arm": "adults, 60 mg caffeine via coffee",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "auc_0_t",
    "value": 82,
    "unit": "min*mg/L",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "40000478",
    "arm": "adults, 60 mg caffeine via coffee",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 1.9,
    "unit": "mg/L",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "40000478",
    "arm": "adults, 60 mg caffeine via energy drink",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "auc_0_t",
    "value": 68,
    "unit": "min*mg/L",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "40000478",
    "arm": "adults, 60 mg caffeine via energy drink",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 1.2,
    "unit": "mg/L",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "4029248",
    "arm": "females on low-dose oestrogen oral contraceptives, 162 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 7.88,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "oral contraceptive users"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "4029248",
    "arm": "females on low-dose oestrogen oral contraceptives, 162 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.05,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "reason": "oral contraceptive users"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "4029248",
    "arm": "females on low-dose oestrogen oral contraceptives, 162 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 3.99,
    "unit": "micrograms/ml",
    "reason": "oral contraceptive users"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "4079279",
    "arm": "patients with liver cirrhosis, 140 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1,
    "unit": "ml/min per kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "4079279",
    "arm": "patients with non-cirrhotic liver disease, 140 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 2.2,
    "unit": "ml/min per kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6126344",
    "arm": "adult male volunteers, 5 mg/kg radiolabeled caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 3,
    "unit": "hr",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6420303",
    "arm": "normal volunteers, 125 mg caffeine i.v.",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 2.02,
    "unit": "ml per min per kg",
    "reason": "formulation: intravenous"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6420303",
    "arm": "normal volunteers, 125 mg caffeine i.v.",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 3.8,
    "unit": "hr",
    "reason": "formulation: intravenous"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6420303",
    "arm": "normal volunteers, 125 mg caffeine i.v.",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "value": 0.64,
    "unit": "liter per kg",
    "reason": "formulation: intravenous"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "657717",
    "arm": "healthy smokers",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 3.5,
    "unit": "hr",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "657717",
    "arm": "healthy smokers",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 155,
    "unit": "ml . kg-1 . hr-1",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "657717",
    "arm": "healthy smokers",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "value": 720,
    "unit": "ml . kg-1",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "657717",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmokers",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 6,
    "unit": "hr",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "657717",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmokers",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 94,
    "unit": "ml . kg-1 . hr-1",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "657717",
    "arm": "healthy nonsmokers",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "value": 610,
    "unit": "ml . kg-1",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6700656",
    "arm": "asthmatic patients 8-18 y, 10 mg/kg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 13.5,
    "unit": "mg per liter",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6700656",
    "arm": "asthmatic patients 8-18 y, 10 mg/kg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 3.9,
    "unit": "hours",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6851408",
    "arm": "healthy subjects not affected by caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 4.2,
    "unit": "hr",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6851408",
    "arm": "healthy subjects not affected by caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.7,
    "unit": "ml . min-1 . kg-1",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6954898",
    "arm": "non-pregnant women",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 3,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6954898",
    "arm": "women in last 4 weeks of pregnancy",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 10.5,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "pregnancy"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7064899",
    "arm": "elderly males, intravenous caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 4.6,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7075114",
    "arm": "smokers, caffeine 2 mg/kg, before cimetidine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 2.49,
    "unit": "ml/kg/min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7075114",
    "arm": "smokers, caffeine 2 mg/kg, before cimetidine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 190,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7075114",
    "arm": "nonsmokers, caffeine 2 mg/kg, before cimetidine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.59,
    "unit": "ml/kg/min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7075114",
    "arm": "nonsmokers, caffeine 2 mg/kg, before cimetidine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 276,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7075114",
    "arm": "smokers, caffeine 2 mg/kg, with cimetidine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.73,
    "unit": "ml/kg/min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7075114",
    "arm": "smokers, caffeine 2 mg/kg, with cimetidine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 276,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7075114",
    "arm": "nonsmokers, caffeine 2 mg/kg, with cimetidine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.92,
    "unit": "ml/kg/min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7075114",
    "arm": "nonsmokers, caffeine 2 mg/kg, with cimetidine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 542,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "readers disagree on the population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7333346",
    "arm": "healthy caffeine-free volunteers, oral 50-750 mg",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.98,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "reason": "dose not readable"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7341280",
    "arm": "adult males and non-pregnant females",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 3.4,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7341280",
    "arm": "pregnant women",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 8.3,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "pregnancy"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7359014",
    "arm": "healthy women on oral contraceptive steroids, 250 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 10.7,
    "unit": "hr",
    "reason": "oral contraceptive users"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7359014",
    "arm": "healthy women on oral contraceptive steroids, 250 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.79,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "reason": "oral contraceptive users"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7361718",
    "arm": "healthy subjects",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 5.7,
    "unit": "hours",
    "reason": "route not oral, or not agreed"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7361718",
    "arm": "35-year-old man with alcoholic hepatic disease",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 60,
    "unit": "hours",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7361718",
    "arm": "49-year-old woman with alcoholic hepatic disease",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 168,
    "unit": "hours",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7371463",
    "arm": "healthy controls, 250 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 5.2,
    "unit": "hr",
    "reason": "matrix: not_stated"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7371463",
    "arm": "patients with cirrhosis, 250 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 6.1,
    "unit": "hr",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7371463",
    "arm": "patients with cirrhosis, 250 mg caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.9,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7775610",
    "arm": "ICU patients with no liver disease",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 1.3,
    "unit": "ml/kg/min",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7775610",
    "arm": "ICU patients with no liver disease",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 7.25,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7775610",
    "arm": "ICU patients with liver disease",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 0.39,
    "unit": "ml/kg/min",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7775610",
    "arm": "ICU patients with liver disease",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 23.96,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "a disease population"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7871042",
    "arm": "sleep-deprived healthy nonsmoking males, oral caffeine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "value": 90,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "dose not readable"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "8807660",
    "arm": "healthy volunteers, 200 mg caffeine alone",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 107,
    "unit": "ml min-1",
    "reason": "matrix: not_stated"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "8807660",
    "arm": "healthy volunteers, 200 mg caffeine during fluvoxamine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "value": 21,
    "unit": "ml min-1",
    "reason": "co-administered: fluvoxamine"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "8807660",
    "arm": "healthy volunteers, 200 mg caffeine during fluvoxamine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "value": 31,
    "unit": "h",
    "reason": "co-administered: fluvoxamine"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "9010706",
    "arm": "chocolate candy, 72 mg caffeine and 370 mg theobromine",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 1.5,
    "unit": "micrograms.ml-1",
    "reason": "co-administered: theobromine"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "9329065",
    "arm": "400 mg caffeine in coffee",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 9.7,
    "unit": "micrograms/ml",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "9329065",
    "arm": "400 mg caffeine in coffee",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "value": 42,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "9329065",
    "arm": "400 mg caffeine in cola",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 9.8,
    "unit": "micrograms/ml",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "9329065",
    "arm": "400 mg caffeine in cola",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "value": 39,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "9329065",
    "arm": "400 mg caffeine in capsules",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "value": 7.8,
    "unit": "micrograms/ml",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "9329065",
    "arm": "400 mg caffeine in capsules",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "value": 67,
    "unit": "min",
    "reason": "matrix: saliva"
   }
  ],
  "dropped_at_verbatim": [],
  "one_reader_only": [
   {
    "pmid": "16371327",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "cmax",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 50,
    "unit": "microM",
    "arm": "humans after normal caffeine consumption (review)"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2060878",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 1.31,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "arm": "suspected liver disease with another explanation, 300 mg caffeine citrate"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22658588",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 120,
    "unit": "min",
    "arm": "trained male cyclists, 6 mg/kg caffeine, participants with peak at 120 min"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22658588",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 150,
    "unit": "min",
    "arm": "trained male cyclists, 6 mg/kg caffeine, participants with peak at 150 min"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22822712",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 7.3,
    "unit": "ml h⁻¹ kg⁻¹",
    "arm": "preterm infants receiving caffeine, DBS population PK"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22822712",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 593,
    "unit": "ml kg⁻¹",
    "arm": "preterm infants receiving caffeine, DBS population PK"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22822712",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 57,
    "unit": "h",
    "arm": "preterm infants receiving caffeine, DBS population PK"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22964452",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 120,
    "unit": "min",
    "arm": "healthy males, 6 mg/kg caffeine, fed high carbohydrate meal"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "22964452",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "tmax",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 180,
    "unit": "min",
    "arm": "healthy males, 9 mg/kg caffeine, fed high carbohydrate meal"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "32737938",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 109,
    "unit": "L per 70 kg",
    "arm": "Chinese premature infants with apnea, caffeine citrate"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3371873",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 118,
    "unit": "ml per min",
    "arm": "healthy smokers, 366 mg caffeine (before abstaining)"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "3371873",
    "reader": "a only",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 77,
    "unit": "ml per min",
    "arm": "healthy former smokers after 3 weeks abstaining, 366 mg caffeine"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2185297",
    "reader": "b only",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 0.91,
    "unit": "ml/min per kg",
    "arm": "noncirrhotic liver disease patients, overnight saliva caffeine clearance"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "2185297",
    "reader": "b only",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 1.41,
    "unit": "ml/min per kg",
    "arm": "control subjects, overnight saliva caffeine clearance"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "32737938",
    "reader": "b only",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 109,
    "unit": "L",
    "arm": "Chinese premature infants with apnea, caffeine citrate"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6420303",
    "reader": "b only",
    "metric": "vd_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 0.57,
    "unit": "liter per kg",
    "arm": "cirrhosis patients, 125 mg caffeine i.v."
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6851408",
    "reader": "b only",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 7.4,
    "unit": "hr",
    "arm": "healthy subjects with caffeine-induced wakefulness"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "6851408",
    "reader": "b only",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 1.2,
    "unit": "ml . min-1 . kg-1",
    "arm": "healthy subjects with caffeine-induced wakefulness"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7359014",
    "reader": "b only",
    "metric": "t_half",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 6.2,
    "unit": "hr",
    "arm": "healthy women not taking OCS, 250 mg caffeine"
   },
   {
    "pmid": "7359014",
    "reader": "b only",
    "metric": "cl_f",
    "analyte": "caffeine",
    "value": 1.3,
    "unit": "ml/min/kg",
    "arm": "healthy women not taking OCS, 250 mg caffeine"
   }
  ]
 }
}